An argument on The Basic Law and the Limits of Toleration Essay

An argument on The Basic Law and the Limits of Toleration - Essay Example Liberalism strives to create justifiable criteria for determining what courses or options of actions are justifiable out of a person’s set of feasible actions, or added to improve its significance, and options that people can legally pursue (Schmitt 147). A person’s ability to make law for his or herself does not imply that the results of actions will be wise. In the name of liberty, they will begin doing weird things, in their privacies, and then complain about life being boring. According liberalism, liberty has a significant meaning only if it includes the freedom to do things that everyone does not agree with. These are the actions that the liberals have to tolerate. This is what is referred to as liberal tolerance (Schmitt 145). Annette Schmitt, in his article â€Å"The Basic Law and the Limits of Tolerance† is determined to assess whether a constitution that allows the suspension of individual rights (Art. 18GG), and the prohibition of parties (Art. 21.2 GG ) deserves to be labeled as a liberal-democratic constitution (Schmitt 149). Schmitt performs this assessment based on the analytical framework created by the liberal concept of toleration. Tolerance is only meaningful, within the liberal concept theory if it has certain limits. ... e is natural law created by Creator to, which everyone is entitled to, and it is the duty of a state (society) to protect these rights (Benvindo 333). Some of these rights include: equality before the law; freedom of expression; freedom of assembly and association; freedom of faith; of conscience, and of creed; right of property, of asylum, and of petition; right to life, and the right to privacy of correspondence, posts and telecommunications (Schmitt 149). These rights are stipulated in Art. 1 GG. It asserts that Human dignity shall not be violated, and it is the duty of a society (state) to respect and protect these rights (Schmitt 150). The content of Art. 1 GG, may not be altered at all, like Art.2 to 17 GG whose contents may not be altered as long as their essential content is concerned. This is because Art. 1 to 17 GG are not ordinary programmatic statements, but directly applicable laws (Schmitt 149). According to the basic law, anybody who feels that his or her rights have b een violated with a judicial ruling, a statute enacted by parliament, and a decree issued by the administration has the legal rights to present his or her complains before the Federal Constitutional Court. In this case, Schmitt feels that the parliament, local administration, and the judiciary are responsible for suspending or prohibiting an individual’s right, which the citizens feel that is not objectionable (Rogowski & Gawron 25). A state is tolerant if it accepts to puts up with its citizens doing certain objectionable things. However, it has the freedom to stop tolerating these actions. The first stage in â€Å"stopping tolerating† is â€Å"Start prohibiting†. A state may decide to prohibit certain courses of actions if it finds that certain rights are objectionable. When a state

The important of english in hong kong Essay Example for Free

The important of english in hong kong Essay We always heard that learning the English is a lifelong Journey, it seems that English become our life, most of Hong Kong student have a better result on English rather than Chinese. It bring out a concern about is it a right decision that we to regard English as important. A focus will be placed on the importance on English, the demand of using English and the advice on the language policy. The parents, teachers and the politicians believe that English is important as the English status in the world is higher than other language. For the parents, they hope heir son or daughter can study as the English-medium secondary school rather than the Chinese-medium school, they believes mainly study can increase the opportunity of enroll to the university and let their children go oversea for further study. For the teachers, many teaching material are come from foreign country, so they believe that use the English for teaching purpose can have a better education quality. For the politicians, be the part of global, the politician needs to communicate and cooperate with other country to formulate the international policy, so they choose the English e the common language for communication. English become important language is mainly have two reasons. English has appeared as the worlds unofficial international language. According to the data of Ethnologic, English is listed as the official or co- official language of over 45 countries (including Hong Kong) and is spoken extensively in other countries where it has no official status. The second reason is English is the language of science, aviation, business, diplomacy, and tourism. Many business deals in Hong Kong are conducted in English. 60% of all scientific papers nd Journals are written in English. Over 70% of all mail is written and addressed in English. Most international tourism, aviation and diplomacy is mainly conducted in English. I remember there have an example in the lecture Chinese plot have poor English and cannot communicate with the USA plot. Since United Kingdom and America have got a well development on the academic, also the United States is regarded as the most influential country on the military and in different international and their official language is English, so it makes English become important. Undoubtedly, the status of English are always in a high level, for my experience, when I get further study in the university, English become the most frequently language I use, all the lesson I take was teaching in English, all the information I found or the journal are also written in English, it seem that my academic are cannot live without English. Learning English are also can increase our competiveness in global. Therefore, I agree that the believe of parent, teachers and the politicians. the important of english in hong kong By vangie_shek

The Graduate Essay example -- essays research papers

Shot by Shot Assignment Ben enters his room and is at ease finally. The music stops and the focus is on him. The room is well lit and his head is leaned against the white door, which gives the audience a sense of escape. As he makes his way toward the window, we see a dartboard next to his bedroom door that has not one of the darts on the correct target. One has even found itself on the wall. Over his bed we see pictures of planes and toy planes pointed in every direction as maybe parallel to his life. The camera holds a medium close-up as Ben looks down through his window after he takes a hesitant walk over to that position. Interpretation: He feels that himself in his room with nobody else around ensures him isolation that he is yearning for. However, the un-aimed darts contradicts the room’s solidity and assurance. Just as his life as we later see the dart board is just as disorganized as Ben. Shot 2 Observation Duration: 3 seconds Ben looks down through the window. The camera shows the back of his head in the right foreground and the guests at the poolside in the left background. We see the shot in high angle. The guests are laughing, having drinks and seem to be enjoying themselves. Ben looks on as if the party was not in his favor. Interpretation: The close-up of Ben looking out the window shows the viewer that he is searching for an escape out of the situation that is current in his house. He wants to be elsewhere but has no idea at the moment where exactly that elsewhere should be. He looks very disappointed and even hopeful at the same time to disappear to another location as if by magic. Shot 3 Observation Duration: 7seconds Ben walks from his window to the bed. His journey there is slow and seldom. His bed is gray and black as he showcases not only the toy airplanes above his bed but also pictures of airplanes pointed in different locations. There is not really a burst of color in his room beside those protruding inside of the fish tank. The view is very blatant and not at all flamboyant. Interpretation: He has no sense of direction or happiness in his room. Even though he originally wanted to be alone, he finds himself now too lonely. He attempts to find some form of movement within his confinement when he is drawn to sit near the fish tank. Shot 4 Observation Duration: 12 seconds Ben... ...nly significance in the overall story, but they refine Ben’s expressed statements. Women are constantly surrounding Ben. The kiss from the older woman anticipates the affair with Mrs. Robinson. The entire social class portrays a wealthy medium classed people in society coming together in an attempt to draft a new member, (Ben). They have high expectations and aspirations for him. The family friends refer to Ben other than his name as a method of showcasing somehow unintentionally his accomplishments more than his personality. He as a person is not highlighted in any way, shape or form. This introduces Ben’s desire to explore himself eventually find himself outside of the track. The cutting paces are roughly the same length probably because it symbolizes uniformity and even stable day-to-day sequences of a day in the life of Ben. The husband-wife exchanges are very opinionated as far as what is best for the child. Ben’s attempt to escape to escape leads to lef t-right tracking shots to convey his confused direction movement throughout the film. He wants to do something that is his idea and not those of his parents, which he succeeds at doing throughout the film with Mrs. Robinson.

Methaphor & Metonymy – Condensation & Displacement.Doc

Displacement; a shift or move in the unconscious when the mind redirects a thought or word dangerous or unacceptable and substitutes it with a more affable thought or word. Condensation; where all the different elements, bits and pieces of thought and dreams combine into one to make sense. In this way they can stand for several different thoughts, feelings, wishes, ideas, etc. For Freud, condensation and displacement / substitution were used as a defense mechanism to contain aggressive and sexual impulses and hide the true unconscious thought (anxiety). Brought to light through slips, jokes and dreams, these little bits of language produce the whole picture. The Signorelli example, from The psychopathology of everyday life is a fine example of displacement and linguistics. Travelling through Bosnia, Herzegovina; Freud forgets the name of a famous painter; Signorelli. Two other less familiar names come to mind; Botticelli and Boltraffio. By combining different bits and parts of the words Signorelli, Botticelli, Boltraffio and Bosnia, Herzegovina, he realises the repressed thought (death and sexuality regarding a patient). A further example comes from jokes and their relation to the unconscious, during a conversation Hirsch – Hyacinth of Hamburg; Pottery agent and extractor of corns, recalls a meeting with the wealthy Baron Rothschild where Rothschild treated him as his equal – ‘quite famillionairely’. (Condensation accompanied by the formation of a substitute) Metaphor – A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or concept it does not literally denote in order to suggest comparison with its basic meaning (metaphors = suppress). A rough man. Metonymy – is a figure of speech that consists of the use of the name of one object or concept for that of another to which it is related or which it is a part i. e. substitution of one word for another. (metonymy combines). The cup was drunk. Jacques Lacan; (1901-1981) believed that the human psyche is found in language. He thought it an extremely important part of Freud’s understanding of the unconscious. He wanted to expand on Freud’s work or condensation and displacement. Using metaphors and metonymy Lacan related directly to Freud’s thinking in terms of condensation and displacement in so far as the original is changed and a new idea – concept is formed. He placed great importance on linguistics’ (phonemes, multiple use of the same material, double meaning, puns etc) in relation to slips and Para praxes . He relied on the borrowed work of a number of linguistics in this regard. The linguist, De Saussure believed the relationship between words were greater than objects. Two elements combine in a relationship called signification to produce the linguistic sign. There must be both a signifier (idea) and signified (concept). Lacan noticed the similarities between Saussure and Freud’s work in relation to signifier and signified. In Freud’s representation S/s the signified slips beneath the signifier. A second linguistic, Roman Jacobson believed the production of language twofold. Selection / substation and combination of the linguistic units. He gives an excellent example of the use of metaphor and metonymy. Quoting from Lewis Carrols, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: ‘â€Å"Did you say pig or fig? said the cat. ‘I said pig,’ replied Alice. (Baby to pig suggests a person who is not nice). Other examples include, the Cheshire cat (grin like a Cheshire cat). The March Hare (as mad as a March Hare) etc, etc.

Biggest Problem Facing Our Generation

The biggest problem facing our generation is fixing the mistakes that our fearless leaders have made. George W. Bush had made many mistakes while in office from 2001 to 2009. One of the most controversial issues that he had completed related to the signing of a report endorsing outsourcing with thousands of American workers having their jobs shipped overseas. He may have had good intentions, but all that was lost after the signing of this bill that took 2. 6 million jobs away from the people of the United States.Due to this decision, numerous companies were shipped overseas since the labor costs are lower and emission standards don’t exist. Another notorious decision relates to the invasion of Iraq. After September 11, 2001, Bush became convinced that Saddam Hussein was seeking nuclear weapons and represented a mortal threat to the west. However, he chose to ignore conflicting evidence and undermined not only his presidency, but the reputation of US intelligence agencies and h is country.Another mistake that occurred just weeks prior to the 9/11 attacks notified the people of his loss of dedication to the country. Bush received a memorandum, called the pre-9/11 memo, from the CIA entitled,†Bin Laden Determined to Strike in US. † Although, he did not respond to the threat since he was on a family vacation, which will forever blight his legacy. The results of these mistakes are still dwelling over the United States. Yet, our generation is only able to learn from the mistakes and ensure that they are not repeated.

Antonio Luna, Hero of the Philippine-American War

Antonio Luna, Hero of the Philippine-American War Antonio Luna (October 29, 1866–June 5, 1899) was a soldier, chemist, musician, war strategist, journalist, pharmacist, and hot-headed general, a complex man who was, unfortunately, perceived as a threat by  the Philippines  ruthless first president  Emilio Aguinaldo. As a result, Luna died not on the battlefields of the Philippine-American War, but he was assassinated on the streets of Cabanatuan. Fast Facts: Antonio Luna Known For: Filipino Journalist, musician, pharmacist, chemist, and general in the fight for Philippine independence from the U.S.Born: October 29, 1866 in the Binondo district of Manila, PhilippinesParents: Laureana Novicio-Ancheta and Joaquin Luna de San PedroDied: June 5, 1899 in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, PhilippinesEducation: Bachelor of Arts from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1881; studied chemistry, music, and literature at the University of Santo Tomas;  licentiate in pharmacy at the Universidad de Barcelona; a doctorate from the Universidad Central de Madrid, studied bacteriology and histology at the Pasteur Institute in ParisPublished Works: Impresiones (as Taga-Ilog), On Malarial Pathology (El Hematozorio del Paludismo)Spouse(s): NoneChildren: None Early Life Antonio Luna de San Pedro y Novicio-Ancheta was born on October 29, 1866, in the Binondo district of Manila, the youngest child of seven of Laureana Novicio-Ancheta, a Spanish mestiza, and Joaquin Luna de San Pedro, a traveling salesman. Antonio was a gifted student who studied with a teacher called Maestro Intong from the age of 6 and received a Bachelor of Arts from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1881 before continuing his studies in chemistry, music, and literature at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1890, Antonio traveled to Spain to join his brother Juan, who was studying painting in Madrid. There, Antonio earned a licentiate in pharmacy at the Universidad de Barcelona, followed by a doctorate from the Universidad Central de Madrid. In Madrid, he fell obsessively in love with local beauty Nelly Boustead, who was also admired by his friend Jose Rizal. But it came to nothing, and Luna never married. He went on to study bacteriology and histology at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and continued on to Belgium to further those pursuits. While in Spain, Luna had published a well-received paper on malaria, so in 1894 the Spanish government appointed him to a post as a specialist in communicable and tropical diseases. Swept Into the Revolution Later that same year, Antonio Luna returned to the Philippines where he became the chief chemist of the Municipal Laboratory in Manila. He and his brother Juan established a fencing society called the Sala de Armas in the capital. While there, the brothers were approached about joining the Katipunan, a revolutionary organization founded by Andres Bonifacio in response to the 1892 banishment of Jose Rizal, but both Luna brothers refused to participate- at that stage, they believed in a gradual reform of the system rather than a violent revolution against Spanish colonial rule. Although they were not members of the Katipunan, Antonio, Juan, and their brother Jose were all arrested and imprisoned in August 1896 when the Spanish learned that the organization existed. His brothers were interrogated and released, but Antonio was sentenced to exile in Spain  and imprisoned in the Carcel Modelo de Madrid. Juan, by this time a famed painter, used his connections with the Spanish royal family to secure Antonios release in 1897. After his exile and imprisonment, understandably, Antonio Lunas attitude toward Spanish colonial rule had shifted. Due to the arbitrary treatment of himself and his brothers and the execution of his friend Jose Rizal the previous December, Luna was ready to take up arms against Spain. In his typically academic fashion, Luna decided to study guerrilla warfare tactics, military organization, and field fortification under the famous Belgian military educator Gerard Leman before he sailed to Hong Kong. There, he met with the revolutionary leader-in-exile, Emilio Aguinaldo, and in July 1898 he returned to the Philippines to take up the fight once more. General Antonio Luna As the Spanish/American War came to a close and the defeated Spanish prepared to withdraw from the Philippines, Filipino revolutionary troops surrounded the capital city of Manila. The newly-arrived officer Antonio Luna urged the other commanders to send troops into the city to ensure a joint occupation when the Americans arrived, but Emilio Aguinaldo refused, believing U.S. naval officers stationed in Manila Bay would hand over power to the Filipinos in due course. Luna complained bitterly about this strategic blunder, as well as the disorderly conduct of American troops once they landed in Manila in mid-August 1898. To placate Luna, Aguinaldo promoted him to the rank of Brigadier General on September 26, 1898, and named him chief of war operations. General Luna continued to campaign for better military discipline, organization, and approach to Americans, who were now setting themselves up as the new colonial rulers. Along with Apolinario Mabini, Antonio Luna warned Aguinaldo that the Americans did not seem inclined to free the Philippines. General Luna felt the need for a military academy to properly train the Filipino troops, who were eager and in many cases experienced in guerrilla warfare but had little formal military training. In October 1898, Luna founded what is now the Philippine Military Academy, which operated for less than half a year before the Philippine-American War broke out in February of 1899 and classes were suspended so that staff and students could join the war effort. The Philippine-American War General Luna led three companies of soldiers to attack the Americans at La Loma, where he was met with a ground force and naval artillery fire from the fleet in Manila Bay. The Filipinos suffered heavy casualties. A Filipino counterattack on February 23 gained some ground but collapsed when troops from Cavite refused to take orders from General Luna, stating that they would obey only Aguinaldo himself. Furious, Luna disarmed the recalcitrant soldiers but was forced to fall back. After several additional bad experiences with the undisciplined and clannish Filipino forces, and after Aguinaldo had rearmed the disobedient Cavite troops as his personal Presidential Guard, a thoroughly frustrated General Luna submitted his resignation to Aguinaldo, which Aguinaldo reluctantly accepted.  With the war going very badly for the Philippines over the next three weeks, however, Aguinaldo persuaded Luna to return and made him commander-in-chief. Luna developed and implemented a plan to contain the Americans long enough to construct a guerrilla base in the mountains. The plan consisted of a network of bamboo trenches, complete with spiked man-traps and pits full of poisonous snakes, which spanned the jungle from village to village. Filipino troops could fire on the Americans from this Luna Defense Line, and then melt away into the jungle without exposing themselves to American fire. Conspiracy Among the Ranks However, late in May Antonio Lunas brother Joaquin- a colonel in the revolutionary army- warned him that a number of the other officers were conspiring to kill him. General Luna ordered that many of these officers be disciplined, arrested, or disarmed and they bitterly resented his rigid, authoritarian style, but Antonio made light of his brothers warning and reassured him that President Aguinaldo would not allow anyone to assassinate the armys commander-in-chief. To the contrary, General Luna received two telegrams on June 2, 1899. The first asked him to join a counterattack against the Americans at San Fernando, Pampanga and the second was from Aguinaldo, ordering Luna to the new capital, Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, about 120 kilometers due north of Manila, where the Philippines revolutionary government was forming a new cabinet. Ever ambitious, and hopeful of being named Prime Minister, Luna decided to go to Nueva Ecija with a cavalry escort of 25 men. However, due to transportation difficulties, Luna arrived in Nueva Ecija accompanied only by two other officers, Colonel Roman and Captain Rusca, with the troops having been left behind. Death On June 5, 1899, Luna went alone to the government headquarters to speak with President Aguinaldo but was met by one of his old enemies there instead- a man he had once disarmed for cowardice, who informed him that the meeting was canceled and Aguinaldo was out of town. Furious, Luna had started to walk back down the stairs when a rifle shot went off outside. Luna ran down the stairs, where he met one of the Cavite officers he had dismissed for insubordination.  The officer struck Luna on the head with his bolo and soon Cavite troops swarmed the injured general, stabbing him. Luna drew his revolver and fired, but he missed his attackers. Still, he fought his way out to the plaza, where Roman and Rusca ran to help him, but Roman was shot to death and Rusca was severely injured. Abandoned and alone, Luna sank bleeding to the cobblestones of the plaza where he uttered his last words: Cowards!  Assassins!  He died at 32 years old. Legacy As Aguinaldos guards assassinated his most able general, the president himself was laying siege to the headquarters of General Venacio Concepcion, an ally of the murdered general. Aguinaldo then dismissed Lunas officers and men from the Filipino Army. For the Americans, this internecine fighting was a gift. General James F. Bell noted that Luna was the only general the Filipino army had and Aguinaldos forces suffered disastrous defeat after disastrous defeat in the wake of Antonio Lunas murder. Aguinaldo spent most of the next 18 months in retreat, before being captured by the Americans on March 23, 1901. Sources Jose, Vivencio R. The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna. Solar Publishing Corporation, 1991.Reyes, Raquel A. G. Antonio Lunas Impressions. Love, Passion and Patriotism: Sexuality and the Philippine Propaganda Movement, 1882–1892. Singapore and Seattle : NUS Press and University of Washington Press, 2008. 84–114.Santiago, Luciano P.R. â€Å"The First Filipino Doctors of Pharmacy (1890–93).† Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 22.2, 1994. 90–102.

Comparing Entrepreneurs from Different Industries essay

Comparing Entrepreneurs from Different Industries essay Comparing Entrepreneurs from Different Industries essay Comparing Entrepreneurs from Different Industries essayBasing on module literature, in particular, Stokes et al. (2010), Bornstein(2004), and Zimmerer and Scarborough (2005), entrepreneurship can be defined from different perspectives, such as: 1) activities aimed at maximizing profits; 2) proactive activities of citizens on producing goods and services aimed at making a profit; 3) direct function of the realization of property, its main production function; 4) organizational innovation process aimed at making a profit; 5) actions aimed at increasing the capital, developing the production and appropriation of profit; and 6) a specific type of activity aimed at a relentless search for changes in the existing forms of life of enterprises and society, continued implementation of these changes. As Wickham (2006) reasonably notes, most practitioners and researchers focus on making a profit, considering it as the ultimate goal of business. However, the ultimate goal of business is not so much profit as the continuity of the production process associated with the reproduction of demand and satisfaction of the ever-changing, ever-increasing needs of the individual or social group, and society as a whole.In this context, entrepreneurship can be more properly defined as a process of continuous search for changes in needs, the end-user demand for products and services, meeting this need by organizing production, sales, marketing, logistics, and management focused on the best innovations that bring maximum performance in each of the stages of the reproduction process. We thus consider entrepreneurship to be not just a business, but a style of management based on the principles of innovation, anti-bureaucracy, constant initiative, focus on innovations in production processes, marketing, distribution and consumption of goods and services. To fit this understanding of entrepreneurship, our final project focuses on two outstanding innovators Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, the lead ers of vehicle production and e-commence industries respectively.Justifying the ChoiceOn a whole, we see entrepreneur as a true creator, who comes up with new products, opens new niches, and knows how to make money where others would pass by. In this regard, Elon Musk, the creator of PayPal, SpaceX, and Tesla Motors, is worth recognition due to the unusual combination of energy, innovation and unswerving desire to produce a quality product in all the areas of business he is engaged into. Investing funds into incredible, inspiring projects, Musk is totally changing our world with challenging ideas, like the mass production of electric vehicles, the project of commercial suborbital flights, the global system of satellite Internet, the introduction of solar stations, or transport capsule system Hyperloop. For instance, Musk’s Tesla Motors has become a real discovery, and its shares have risen by more than 300% during 2013 (Storm, 2014). To a certain extent, we can say that inves tors were willing to endow not only to the company, but also to the personality of its CEO, who has recently received the title of the CEO of the year by MarketWatch.In his turn, Jeff Bezos who started his business in a garage, stands out as a leader for transforming a trading company Amazon.com into a truly high-tech multi-sector hypermarket and bring it up to the value of $100 billion. Today Amazon.com is the best known, most popular, and most visited online store in the world, while its creator is acknowledged as a top executive in accordance with according to Forbes ranking. Indeed, Bezos has an exceptional entrepreneurial talent: having faced the Internet for the first time, he saw the opportunities that almost no one saw, i.e. its future in commerce. Obviously, there were others who had a premonition of something similar (e.g, Pierre Omidyar of eBay), but Bezos’ vision was so clear and Amazon.com website so attractive that it has become a symbol of e-commerce almost sin ce the first day.Therefore, we believe that the experience and talent of these two entrepreneurs could have a valuable effect of our perception of various business processes.Elon Musk ProfileElon Reeve Musk is a Canadian-American engineer, entrepreneur, inventor and investor of the South African origin; billionaire founder, owner and CEO of SpaceX, Tesla Motors, PayPal, and several other successful companies, as well as the chief designer of Chief Product Architect, and the head of the board of directors at SolarCity, who has achieved considerable success in the field of information technology, rocket and car production.Musk got his first profit at 12, when he sold Blast Star, a video game he developed in the style of Space Invaders, and invested the gained $500 in the shares of a pharmaceutical company (Pauline, 2012). One of Musk’s first projects was the Zip2 service which specializes in software for news companies. In 1999 Compaq bought Zip2 for $307 million, of which Musk received 7% and invested in the creation of his second startup, X.com. After the merger with Confinity, X.com turned into a well-known online payment service PayPal. In 2002, PayPal was sold to online auction site eBay for $1.5 billion, of which Elon Musk personally received $165 million. At the moment, about 140 million people use the services of PayPal (Pauline, 2012; Storm, 2014).Before the moment the sale of PayPal company was completed, Musk pondered over how much would it cost to organize an expedition to Mars, and decided that he could reduce the cost of rocket launch by 10 times. Musk invested $100 million into his new company SpaceX, but a few trial launches of the rocket Falcon 1, including the one with an army satellite on board, ended in a catastrophe (Storm, 2014). Nevertheless, Elon Musk and his team did not give up, and eventually they managed to build several quite functional and prospective spacecraft, such as Falcon 9 launch vehicle, Falcon 9 Heavy and a space shu ttle Dragon SpaceX. NASA estimated that creation of Falcon 9 was supposed to cost $3.9 billion, but SpaceX fit in $300 million (Pauline, 2012). Musk’s company also offers the lowest rates in the world for the delivery of cargo into orbit. Today SpaceX has contracts for $4 billion with only a third coming from NASA and the rest accounted to private companies (Elon Musk Official Website, 2014). By May 2014, Falcon 9 carried out 9 launches.Along the way, in 2003, Musk became a co-founder of the company producing electric vehicles Tesla Motors. In 2008, Tesla Roadster was the first all-electric car in serial production costing $110 thousand, and in 2012 Tesla started selling sedan Model S targeted at a wider audience at the price of $50 thousand. As a result, Tesla Model S has become the main achievement of the company, has received numerous Car of the Year awards and has completely changed the situation on the market of sedans. In June 2010, Tesla Motors conducts IPO, the first IPO of an automotive company in the US since 1956, when Ford entered the stock market. Tesla Motors turnover increased from $413.3 million in 2012 to $2.013 billion in 2013 (Storm, 2014). In the last quarter, the sales of electric vehicles exceeded 5.5 thousand pieces, which is a serious market share of luxury-class cars (Elon Musk Official Website, 2014).Despite the fact that Tesla Motors and SpaceX were close to bankruptcy in 2007-2008, each of these companies is now changing the face of the industry, while Elon Musk is one of the world’s most successful businessmen. Last year, Fortune Magazine named him the businessman of the year, and The Wall Street Journal called Musk the CEO of the year.Jeff Bezos ProfileJeffrey Preston ‘Jeff’ Bezos is an American businessman, head and founder of Amazon.com, the world’s largest company selling goods and services via the Internet, as well as the owner of The Washington Post publishing house.After graduating from Prin ceton University in 1986, Bezos worked on Wall Street in the field of computer programming (Stone, 2014). Due to the network for financial transactions that Jeff developed for the Fitel Company, he was noticed by David Shaw, president of D. E. Shaw Co. His duties of the vice president now included coming to work only when inspiration occurred and thinking about new areas of business and insurance, software and, finally, a little-known Internet. That was when analyzing the possible undeveloped sales market, Bezos came to the conclusion that of all the goods sold by mailing books were the least popular, as there were no major catalogues (Stone, 2014).In 1994 Bezos left Shaw’s company, invested his parents’ $300 thousand, and became the founder and CEO of his own company Amazon.com, which would sell books through the Internet. The site was launched July 16, 1995, although at that time it was not completed, for example one could order a negative number of books on the web site, and employees had to pack the book standing on their knees on the concrete floor of a small basement. However, despite the fact that at first glance Amazon seemed to be pathetic amateur business, the site has grown rapidly since the first day. In October, sales for the first time reached a hundred of books a day. Less than a year later Amazon was selling a hundred books per hour (Amazon.com Official Website, 2014).Besides the fact that Bezos was the first to create an online store, he was the first to post links to his store on other sites, and for that he paid the site owners a percent from each purchase made after transition from their website (Rossman, 2014). Other innovations of Bezos include the possibility for readers to post their own reviews and evaluate them, as well as a customized selection of a â€Å"showcase.† Amazon.com was soon successfully competing with the largest bookselling company of the US Barnes Noble, who sold their books in the traditional way . In 1997, Amazon.com entered the IPO, and already in 1999 the shares of Amazon.com grew five times in price (Stone, 2014).Currently, Amazon.com offers to purchase not only books: the service covers 34 categories of goods, including movies, video games, consumer electronics, toys, food, household goods, furniture, sporting goods and more (Amazon.com Official Website, 2014). Over the past five years, Amazon shares rose by 397% and now the company with annual revenues of $48 billion is estimated at $100 billion; the businessman himself with the capital of around $25 billion belongs to the 20 richest people in the world (Stone, 2014; Rossman, 2014).Comparing Entrepreneurs from   Different Industries essay part 2

Information on Education and Schools in Massachusetts

Information on Education and Schools in Massachusetts Each state varies at least somewhat in education related policy.   Trending educational topics such as charter schools, school vouchers, standardized testing, state standards, and school finance all take on the shape of a states political foundation.   This variation ensures that a student in Massachusetts is most assuredly receiving a slightly different education than a similar student in another state.   This makes providing accurate comparisons among states extremely difficult.   It is possible to compare data from programs, assessments, and studies that look at each state independently. This profile breaks down education and schools in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Education Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Massachusetts Commissioner of Elementary and Secondary Education: Mitchell D. Chester District/School Information Length of School Year: A minimum of 180 school days is required by Massachusetts state law. Number of Public School Districts: There are 242 public school districts in Massachusetts. Number of Public Schools: There are 1859 public schools in Massachusetts. **** Number of Students Served in Public Schools: There are 953,369 public school students in Massachusetts. **** Number of Teachers in Public Schools: There are 69,342 public school teachers in Massachusetts.**** Number of Charter Schools: There are 79 charter schools in Massachusetts. Per Pupil Spending: Massachusetts spends $14,262 per pupil in public education. **** Average Class Size: The average class size In Massachusetts is 13.7 students per 1 teacher. **** % of Title I Schools: 51.3% of schools in Massachusetts are Title I Schools.**** % With Individualized Education Programs (IEP): 17.4% of students in Massachusetts are on IEPs. **** % in Limited-English Proficiency Programs: 6.8% of students in Massachusetts are in limited-English Proficient Programs.**** % of Student Eligible for Free/Reduced Lunches: 35.0% of students in Massachusetts schools are eligible for free/reduced lunches.**** Ethnic/Racial Student Breakdown**** White: 67.0% Black: 8.2% Hispanic: 16.0% Asian: 5.7% Pacific Islander: 0.1% American Indian/Alaskan Native: 0.2% School Assessment Data Graduation Rate: 82.6% of all students entering high school in Massachusetts graduate. ** Average ACT/SAT score: Average ACT Composite Score: 24.4*** Average Combined SAT Score: 1552***** 8th grade NAEP assessment scores:**** Math: 297 is the scaled score for 8th grade students in Massachusetts. The U.S. average was 281. Reading: 274 is the scaled score for 8th grade students in Massachusetts. The U.S. average was 264. % of Students Who Attend College after High School: 73.2% of students in Massachusetts go on to attend some level of college. *** Private Schools Number of Private Schools: There are 852 private schools in Massachusetts.* Number of Students Served in Private Schools: There are 144,445 private school students in Massachusetts.* Homeschooling Number of Students Served Through Homeschooling: There were an estimated 29,219 students that were homeschooled in Massachusetts in 2016.# Teacher Pay The average teacher pay for the state of Massachusetts was $73,129 in 2013.## Each individual district in the state of Massachusetts negotiates teacher salaries and establishes their own teacher salary schedule. The following is an example of a teacher salary schedule in Massachusetts provided by the Boston Public School District. *Data courtesy of Education Bug . **Data courtesy of ED.gov ***Data courtesy of ACT ****Data courtesy of the National Center for Education Statistics ******Data courtesy of The Commonwealth Foundation #Data courtesy of A2ZHomeschooling.com ##Average salary courtesy of National Center of Education Statistics ###Disclaimer:   The information provided on this page changes frequently.   It is pulled from a several education resources in an attempt to pool critical education related data to one site. It will be updated regularly as new information and data becomes available.

The importance of event evaluation for event managers and the process Essay

The importance of event evaluation for event managers and the process of event evaluation - Essay Example It is like a way of assessing the goals and objectives that we had set before. We undertake event evaluation at the end of an event in order to understand if we have achieved what we wanted. Evaluation of an even can also be used as a strategic planning tool that can help us to understanding the correct method or the correct procedure that we should use in order to achieve the desired goals and objectives. It is a fundamental process that helps us to discern the viability and sustainable of an event by assessing the best process that can be used to take us where we want to be. The evaluation of an event should take a holistic approach. In this regard, it should not be leaned on one side alone but it should be aimed at looking at all corners of the event. Evaluating an event as a whole is important as it helps us to understand it in all its dimensions. If an evaluation is carried on one side alone, there may be a probability of constrain from other areas that were not evaluated before which may be a possible failure of the event. By taking a holistic approach we mean that we have to focus on all areas. Most evaluation of an event tends to lean on the economic viability of an event and gives little attention to the areas of the event. Therefore we have to consider dimensions like the social aspect of he event, the environment aspect of the event, if it is a business event we have to asses the business leveraging, and also we have to evaluate the branding of the event and the impact that it has created. It is also very important to evaluate an event regularly in the sense that it has to be consistent throughout the whole process of its implementation. This means that we have to evaluate an event right from the start of the event, when it is being implemented and after it is implemented. There must also be a common base under which an event will be evaluation on. In

Girls and women in children's fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Girls and women in children's fiction - Essay Example and motherhood that run counter to the mainstream views of their time, but that the earlier book uses distancing narrative techniques to disguise this fact while the later book uses intimate narrative techniques to celebrate it. The difference in approach is due to the social pressures, or absence of them, which had an effect upon the authors in their respective historical situation. The three children labelled â€Å"the railway children† are introduced as part of a prosperous middle class English family who have fallen on hard times due to the mysterious removal of their father, Mr Waterbury. It emerges later that he was imprisoned on a false charge of spying. The father is therefore absent, and the children’s mother removes herself also for much of the time in order to write and presumably earn a living for the family. This leaves the three children Roberta, Peter and Phyllis, free to roam around the railway area and get to know Mr Perks, a working class station porter and and old gentleman who travels on the trains. The story is in many ways typical of Victorian children’s fiction because it is highly didactic and promotes moral behaviour and adherence to the rather stiff and formal rules of society. What is unusual about the book for its time is the way that the railway children switch social class for a time, and in a spell of relative freedom from middle class observation and control, experiment with autonomy, devising their own amusements and coming face to face with harsh economic realities and the limitations of conventional society. The children confront class prejudice in the episode of coal stealing with Mr Perks, race prejudice in the encounter with Mr Sczepansky and gender prejudice particularly in the character of Bobbie. The main character Goggle Eyes is a primary school child called Kitty whose parents are divorced, and who consoles a distressed classmate by telling her about the experience of having parents who divorce. The book shows how

Performance Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Performance Appraisal - Essay Example The performance appraisals are used to give feedback to the employee on the performance rating and the need for improvements. This also expresses the need for trainings, promotion, demotion, retention or firing. The performance appraisal is among the critical factors of a manger or a leader to provide employee with the feedback and clarify the job expectations. An effective performance appraisal enables employees to know about themselves and understand the management values. The performance appraisals make use of evaluations as feedback in order to improve the performance of employee and reduce the turnover. It increases motivation and instills a feeling of equity among the employees. The appraisals act as a linkage between the rewards and performance. This enhances performance as employees are told about their performance and related strengths and weaknesses. This makes the employees become proud of whatever they are doing well and enables them focus their efforts on areas that require improvement. In overall, organization will benefit when the performance of the employees improves. Every organization is interested in witnessing their employees advance in the company and get other better and well paying positions. This is normally brought about by performance appraisal. For instance, when an employee is told to improve personal skills to be eligible for the following promotion may act as a driving force to that employee to enable them improve their per formance (Goswami, 2013). The performance appraisals are used by the management in making important decisions by the management. These decisions include promotions, demotions, firing and remunerations among many others. Efficient organizations must have established means through which they can make their decisions. The decisions depend on appraisal data. The appraisals can be considered as efficient tools in documenting the organizational decisions. This

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Macroeconomics - Essay Example function of the economy is also referred to as total supply of the economy as shows the total supply of goods and services that the firms are willing to supply at given price levels. It also shows the capacity of the firms of the economy and the fact that the firms can supply the economy with the appropriate level of goods and services in order to satisfy the demands of the economy. Aggregate supply curves are made on the basis of long and short term which depicts the total supply function of the firms of the economy both in the long term and in the short term for the economy. There can be some shifts in the aggregate supply curve for the economy which can be attributed to number of different factors and variables affecting the economy. These factors can be many some of which may be the change in the size and quality of labor, the mere fact that the labor size has changed that is more and more labor is available to the firms for the production of their goods and services or that the labor which is already available to the economy has gained more and more skills due to which it has become easier to produce more for the economy. Other factors can be the change in technology or it can be said that the technological innovations can cause a shift in the aggregate supply curve of the economy. Â  Increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer ta xes and subsidies, and changes in inflation can also be some of the driving factors in the shifting of the aggregate supply curve for the economy. Different schools of thoughts have different views of economics and therefore they have different approaches towards the determining of aggregate supply of the economy that is to be made to the economy. Aggregates supply is the function of aggregate availability of labor and other resources in the given time period and the price levels for the production of those goods and services that provide the aggregate supply of those goods and services to the

Employment-At-Will Doctrine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment-At-Will Doctrine - Essay Example Similarly, the Employment-At-Will Doctrine provides that an employee can leave his/her job without any reason, cause or warning (Stone, 2007). Thus, when employees feel that they do not wish to continue working for the current employer, they can just leave their work station without any explanation whatsoever. This doctrine has emerged as controversial, considering that the proponents of the doctrine observes that it is a balanced contractual policy, where both the employer and the employee are given absolute freedom to determine whether they should continue with an employment contract or not. However, those opposing this doctrine observe that it serves to create more injustice, considering that the bargaining powers between the employer and the employee are not equal (Stone, 2007). The employer always have an upper hand, and thus those opposed to the doctrine finds it inappropriate, since it allows the employer to dismiss employees anyhow, while the employees are left without any re medy or cause of action, when such an action is taken. Therefore, the bottom-line of the Employment-At-Will Doctrine is that there exists no law that protects the employee or the employer against any action that any of the party to the employment contract may take, whether on the basis of good reason, bad one or no reasons at all (Stone, 2007). Evaluating each of the eight (8) scenarios and assessing whether one can legally fire the employee The action taken by John is not within his rights under the employment-at-will doctrine, which grants an employee the right to strike, quit freely or cease to work (Stone, 2007). The doctrine does not provide the freedom for an employee to take any action that can harm the employer, other than quitting at will or striking for any reason. Therefore, the action taken by John warrants his sacking, since he is destroying the relationship between the employer and its clientele. The action taken by Jim to send an email to the rest of the employees, pr otesting a change in commission schedules and bonuses is within his rights under the employment-at-will doctrine, since it entails protesting against wrongful discrimination, which is an exception under employment-at-will doctrine, within the protected actions (Stone, 2007). Therefore, it will not be right to fire him, since he is protesting against discriminatory change in commission schedules and bonuses. Similarly, Ellen has taken an action that is within her rights under the employment-at-will doctrine, through criticizing the employer on the blog, on the basis of what she believes to be wrongful discrimination in CEO’s bonus, which only favors director, leaving out the rest of the employees. This action is provided for under the exceptions to employment-at-will doctrine, where the employee should not be fired for protesting against protected actions, such as wrongful discrimination (Stone, 2007). Bill, on the other hand has taken an action that is against his rights, thr ough using the company’s assets to run his side venture. This is not a right guaranteed to him by the employment-at-will doctrine, and thus warrants the employer to fire him. Joe is another employee that lacks any legal basis for suing the employer under the employment-at-will doctrine. Joe threatens to sue the company for invasion of privacy after being disciplined for

Chapter 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Chapter 5 - Assignment Example Nordstrom’s success largely comes from its customer service focus, but as shoppers move to a more virtual shopping experience, Nordstrom’s advantage in this area will be negated somewhat. Nordstrom’s biggest competitors will come from the online shopping industry. 1. Tesco has already established itself as the market leader in the United Kingdom, so there is not much more improvement on offer there. Of course, Tesco will still continue to add customers, but at a much slower rate than previous years. One area that Tesco could look at is opening stores in poorer countries such as Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Bolivia, to name a few. Shoppers in these countries do not have the same disposable income as westerners do, so Tesco would have to target these poorer countries will non-conventional methods. 2. Tesco can take its customer loyalty programs to the next level by offering it to children of parents who are already Tesco customers. This way, Tesco can gain a customer early in life and will have a lifetime of spending habits from which to work

Employment-At-Will Doctrine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment-At-Will Doctrine - Essay Example Similarly, the Employment-At-Will Doctrine provides that an employee can leave his/her job without any reason, cause or warning (Stone, 2007). Thus, when employees feel that they do not wish to continue working for the current employer, they can just leave their work station without any explanation whatsoever. This doctrine has emerged as controversial, considering that the proponents of the doctrine observes that it is a balanced contractual policy, where both the employer and the employee are given absolute freedom to determine whether they should continue with an employment contract or not. However, those opposing this doctrine observe that it serves to create more injustice, considering that the bargaining powers between the employer and the employee are not equal (Stone, 2007). The employer always have an upper hand, and thus those opposed to the doctrine finds it inappropriate, since it allows the employer to dismiss employees anyhow, while the employees are left without any re medy or cause of action, when such an action is taken. Therefore, the bottom-line of the Employment-At-Will Doctrine is that there exists no law that protects the employee or the employer against any action that any of the party to the employment contract may take, whether on the basis of good reason, bad one or no reasons at all (Stone, 2007). Evaluating each of the eight (8) scenarios and assessing whether one can legally fire the employee The action taken by John is not within his rights under the employment-at-will doctrine, which grants an employee the right to strike, quit freely or cease to work (Stone, 2007). The doctrine does not provide the freedom for an employee to take any action that can harm the employer, other than quitting at will or striking for any reason. Therefore, the action taken by John warrants his sacking, since he is destroying the relationship between the employer and its clientele. The action taken by Jim to send an email to the rest of the employees, pr otesting a change in commission schedules and bonuses is within his rights under the employment-at-will doctrine, since it entails protesting against wrongful discrimination, which is an exception under employment-at-will doctrine, within the protected actions (Stone, 2007). Therefore, it will not be right to fire him, since he is protesting against discriminatory change in commission schedules and bonuses. Similarly, Ellen has taken an action that is within her rights under the employment-at-will doctrine, through criticizing the employer on the blog, on the basis of what she believes to be wrongful discrimination in CEO’s bonus, which only favors director, leaving out the rest of the employees. This action is provided for under the exceptions to employment-at-will doctrine, where the employee should not be fired for protesting against protected actions, such as wrongful discrimination (Stone, 2007). Bill, on the other hand has taken an action that is against his rights, thr ough using the company’s assets to run his side venture. This is not a right guaranteed to him by the employment-at-will doctrine, and thus warrants the employer to fire him. Joe is another employee that lacks any legal basis for suing the employer under the employment-at-will doctrine. Joe threatens to sue the company for invasion of privacy after being disciplined for

Iraq post-WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Iraq post-WWII - Essay Example Iraq gained its independence in 1932, but remained under the British monarchical rule for some years (Fuccaro, 1997). After the Second World War, the Arab independence in collaboration with the fundamentalist movement went against the British Soviet Union as a way to retreat the British rule. The British used the divide and rule tactic which made Iraq to be politically unstable after the Arab regimes started conflicts among themselves In the 1970s Iraq was able to outdo the British governance and this brought development freedom to Iraq as it was when they built one of the largest and best equipped armed forces in the Arab world. Strong leaders such Nuri al-Said, Salih Jabr among others formed strong governments to protect their people and signed a number of freedom agreements with the western countries (Fuccaro, 1997). The agreements played a big role since Iraq started to act independently but that did not stop the imperials from the quest for oil. Under the rule of Nuri al al-Said, Iraq became a stable country for a while and World Bank started offering support through loans to proceed with a number of development projects such construction of bridges and buildings. Iraq also cooperated with some countries and made it possible for the country to sign a pact with Iran, turkey and the United Kingdom known as â€Å"the Baghdad pact† (Gibson, 2011). The pact’s main aim was to get many Arab countries to join them and strengthen their ties. The United States could not join the pact since most of the Arab countries were against the west imperialism but after some years, It joined in and assured support to these countries against any attack or aggression by the soviet union and any other powers. Arabs later realised the United States had plans to woo them and control Iraq’s oil and this triggered a war between Iraq and

Industrialisation and Identity Essay Example for Free

Industrialisation and Identity Essay In 1889 Chicago had the peculiar qualifications of growth which made such adventuresome pilgrimages even on the part of young girls plausible. Its many and growing commercial opportunities gave it widespread fame, which made of it a giant magnet, drawing to itself, from all quarters, the hopeful and the hopeless those who had their fortune yet to make and those whose fortunes and affairs had reached a disastrous climax elsewhere. (Dreiser 15f) At the turn of the 19th century, the industrialisation brought about tremendous change in the US. With innovations and inventions like the steam engine, railroads, electricity, telephones and telegraphing, the structure of American society shifted and evolved. People from the rural areas started flocking to the big cities in hopes of finding work and a better life, a dream many chased in vain. The protagonist in Theodore Dreiser’s novel Sister Carrie, 18-year old country girl Carrie Meeber, is one of the â€Å"hopeful†; she leaves her hometown to find happiness and success in the big city of Chicago. At first, she stays with relatives and experiences the miserable, tiresome day-to-day struggle of the working middle-class of job-hunting and then hard menial labour in a factory. However, she soon grows tired of her situation. She lets herself be mesmerised by the wealth displayed by others, which both intimidates her and fills her with an insatiable longing for money and status. With this desire growing in her heart, she is willing to make all the sacrifices to achieve her goal, leaving her safe, but unexciting home to live with Charles Drouet, a man whom she barely knows, but who offers her a comfortable lifestyle. Nevertheless, Carrie still is not satisfied, so she leaves him for the wealthier George Hurstwood and continues to search for a way to success and happiness by obtaining status and commodities, losing herself in the process. In his novel Sister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser illustrates how the industrialisation did not only change the structure of American society at the turn of the 19th century, but also have a deep impact on the consumer culture and individual consumer behaviour of the American middle-class, marking the beginning of the impossible quest of struggling to create one’s identity through consumption. The Industrialisation The inventions and innovations of the industrialisation brought about great change for American society and people’s everyday lives. Roughly before 1750, even though the Americans with their steadily advancing frontier were a very progress-oriented people, the general expectation was to die in a world not much different to the one one was born in. (Cross 53) However, during and after the industrialisation, the increased development of ground-breaking new technology did not only affect the economy, but also the way people viewed the world. The inventions of the steam engine and electricity, the new ways of travelling and communication over long distances and new forms of retail created new employment and consumption possibilities (Cross 53), allowing a more and more comfortable and luxurious lifestyle in the cities for the upper-class and those middle-class citizens who were able to afford to keep up with the latest trends and fashions. The steam engine is said to be the central invention of the industrialisation period from the 18th to the 20th century, as it inspired as many technological advances as no other invention before it. Invented in Britain at the beginning of the 18th century, Gary Cross explains it took quite some time until was imported, adapted and improved by the Americans to fit their needs. In the 18th century, he reasons, there was no need for an alternative source of energy, as vast forests, coal deposits and water energy were available. In the 19th century, however, this indifferent attitude towards the steam engine changed fundamentally and its potential as an energy source for manufacturing was exploited. Cross 84) By 1830, only about five per cent of the American factories used steam power; by 1900, it was over 80 per cent. (Cross 93) Steam also found its uses in the non-industrial sector as central heating for buildings. In Sister Carrie, Carrie delights in her modern New York apartment â€Å"supplied with steam-heat† and a â€Å"bath with hot and cold water† (307). In addition to that, the steam engine was applied in the area of transportation as energy source for street cars, steam boats, and locomotives. The railroad had a tremendous effect on both the American economy and society in the 19th century. Daniel W. Howe mentions three main consequences of the railroad (among many others): Firstly, it sped up the process of urbanisation by connecting rural areas to the big cities. (Howe 565) For example, Chicago, one of the main settings of Sister Carrie, evolved from a village of less than 100 inhabitants in 1830 to a city of 30,000 in 1850, which would have been absolutely â€Å"inconceivable [†¦] without the railroad. (Howe 567) In 1889, the time the story of the novel sets in, its population is greater than 50,000 (16). Secondly, allowing the efficient transport of commodities across the country by shortening waiting times and cutting costs, the railroad not only led to a tremendous change in trading business, but also provided the incentive for technological advancement in steel production as well as in the efficiency and safety of trains and tracks, laying the groundwork for f urther innovation of methods of transport later in history. Howe 566) Finally, as a comparatively convenient and affordable way of travelling, railroads also provided the opportunity for long-distance trips and vacations in far-away places even for the American middle-class. (Howe 565) There are two reasons for taking the train in Sister Carrie: for business purposes, and with the intent of moving to another city. Interestingly, there are no actual vacations taking place in the novel; merely plans of travel are mentioned, mostly overseas trips to Europe (142;357). Of far more interest are Drouet and his ambivalent feelings about business travel. He undoubtedly enjoys meeting and flirting with the ladies he meets on the road. He has no reservations of striking up a chat with Carrie on her first train journey from her hometown to Chicago, who (unsurprisingly) is very impressed by Drouet and his knowledge of the various places he has visited on business. (4ff) Drouet is a â€Å"drummer†, a travelling salesman, a job requiring the railway for fast long-distance travel. For him, train journeys hold no deep meaning; they are simply a necessary part of his work. In a short flirtation with a chambermaid, he reveals that he travels far, but does not care for travelling all that much, explaining, â€Å"You get tired of it after awhile. † (200) The same trip, merely a boring return of a business trip for Drouet, is a life-altering, exciting journey for Carrie. Never having travelled before, she is reassured by the thought that home will never be far away since the cities were â€Å"bound more closely by these very trains which came up daily† (3). The railroad shortened travel times drastically. While it took five weeks to travel from Chicago over the Appalachians to New York in 1790, seventy years later the distance could be crossed in merely two days. (Cross 104) Originally, Carrie moves from the countryside to the city because she is in need of work; however, her expectations for her future are far more ambitious. Her hopes of fortune and fame she projects on â€Å"[t]his onrushing train†, which â€Å"was merely speeding to get there. † (3) The second and by far most dramatic journey in Sister Carrie, however, is the elopement of Carrie and Hurstwood. Having stolen a large sum of money from his employers, he tricks Carrie into leaving Chicago with him on a train bound for Detroit, from where they continue to Montreal, Canada. Again, all hope is set on the train as the (only) way to a better future. In this case it is Hurstwood, who in his desperation loses all eloquence, who considers the only possible future as â€Å"a thing which concern[s] the Canadian line. † (275) Making the train his lifeline, he hopes to cross the border as soon as possible, since abroad he will be safe from the legal repercussions of his crime. Hurstwood manages to persuade Carrie to stay with him, but since life in Montreal does not seem worthwhile to either of them, they soon decide to move on to New York, again with the hope of a promising future awaiting them once they get off the train. The invention of the telegraph revolutionised long-distance communication thoroughly, possibly even more so than the railroad did long-distance transportation. Professor Samuel Finley Breese Morse and his team were the first to develop a commercially viable kind of electric telegraph in America; by 1848, the system of wires reached Chicago. Howe 695) Research and experiments led to Thomas Edison finding a way of sending messages back and forth over one wire at the same time in the 1870s and to his invention of the phonograph, with which messages could be recorded. (Cross 176) Unlike the telephone, which was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 and was mainly used for social purposes (Cross 181), the telegraph was mostly used for commercial purposes and information transmission. It also found its use in communication on the railroad, improving the safety and efficiency of trains. Cross 102) In Sister Carrie, the telegraph and even the telephone have short appearances at crucial points in the story, both concerning Hurstwood’s crime and dramatic escape. Coming across a â€Å"famous drug store† with â€Å"one of the first private telephone booths ever erected† (271), Hurstwood phones the train station to obtain information regarding the train times, as he wishes to leave as soon as possible. Opposed to the novelty of the telephone so explicitly stressed by Dreiser, the already well-established telegraph is casually integrated in the story. On the train bound for Detroit, Hurstwood worries that the afternoon papers might already cover his theft and wonders â€Å"what telegraphs might come† (282), indicating his fear of not being able to escape fast enough. The telegraph was a useful tool for the police to coordinate searches and catching criminals before they were beyond reach, apparently leading to a few successful arrests. (288) Once in Canada, Hurstwood anxiously checks the newspaper, and, â€Å"among the riff-raff of the telegraphed murders, accidents, marriages and other news items from out the length and breadth of the land† (297), he discovers a small notice of his own crime. Because he cannot see himself staying abroad, he tries to negotiate with his former employers the return of the money and a possible rehiring, the latter of which obviously eliciting a much colder response than the first–also via telegraph. (302) Electricity was one huge step towards a modern economy and society. At first mainly used to replace gas lighting, its uses expanded rapidly with every new innovation and improvement of existing technology; as mentioned, the telegraph and telephone depended on electric energy, and the electronic signal for the railway introduced in 1872 greatly improved the safety of trains. Cross 102) However, in the first years, electricity was mainly used to making America a brighter place–in the literal sense. (Cross 157) Brighter and cleaner than gas lighting, the electric light bulb invented by Thomas Edison in 1879 gradually took over homes, offices, and city streets. (Cross 158) In the late 1880s, steam-powered street cars in many cities were replaced by electric ones, as they were a faster alternative to get the workers from their homes to their work places and back. They were also less expensive, and the inevitable pollution was concentrated in the area the energy was generated and not spread throughout the city; electric streetcars did, however, increase noise pollution. (Cross 159; 168) Light is the element creating the most obvious distinction between places of luxury and places of suffering in Sister Carrie: The former are all bathed in light, while the latter are cast in shadow or are dimly lit at best. For example, the shoe factory Carrie works in in the beginning is xtremely poorly lit (36f), while the department stores as temples of consumption and the streets as their runways are practically aglow (30). As their financial situation in New York becomes irreversibly dire, Hurstwood one day finds Carrie â€Å"reading, quite alone. It was rather dark in the flat, shut in as it was. † (358) Bright lights, on the other hand, are abundant in places Carrie enjoys being; she quite literally experiences the â€Å"bright side of life† when she dines out with friends at Sherry’s, a very popular and expensive restaurant the high society of New York likes to dine at. She marvels at the splendid dining chamber, all decorated and aglow, where the wealthy ate, [with its] incandescent lights, the reflection of their glow in polished glasses, and the shine of gilt upon the walls [†¦]. On the ceilings were colored traceries with more gilt, leading to a centre where spread a broad circle of light–incandescent globes mingled with glittering prisms and stucco tendrils of gilt.

French Essays Egalitarian Political Regimes

French Essays Egalitarian Political Regimes Explain and Discuss the Fragility of Egalitarian Political Regimes, as Represented in BOTH the Lettres Persanes AND the Contrat Social. Though The Spirit of Laws is probably the best-known work of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, his Lettres Persanes (Persian Letters) is another famous work in which he explores, with perhaps more depth, the notion of equality and egalitarian political rule. A generation later, John Jacques Rousseau would appear on the political landscape and present his own ideas on the same topic. Chief to be explored among his writings will be the Contrat Social (Social Contract) in which Rousseau lays out with some detail a discussion of the nature of egalitarian political regimes and explores various strengths and weaknesses of them. Montesquieu and the Fragility of Egalitarianism In the beginning of the 89th letter, Montesquieu claims that â€Å"A Paris rà ¨gnent la libertà © et l’à ©galità ©.† Birthrights, social ranks, and even military victories did not set men apart (in terms of class distinctions) in Paris during his writing. This was a thing to be praised by Montesquieu. He saw too much in the world that lent itself away from egalitarianism, at least insofar as the right of persons to be equal is concerned. It will be beneficial here to take a moment to set up Montesquieu’s views on the republic to better lay a foundation for his comments on equality. In Book 11 of the Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu explores the (then) unique situation in England of a monarchy controlled, to an extent, by a constitution, and it that portion of the Spirit of the Laws Montesquieu is chiefly impressed by and concerned with the Englishman’s â€Å"liberty.† As regards the very nature of a republic, Montesquieu argues in the Spirit of t he Laws that there are three basic types of governmental systems. The despot rules by inculcating fear in the people. The monarch does better and rules by a sense of honor and by â€Å"fixed established laws.† Both of these types of governing are fairly stable. One does not need to necessarily think of them as intrinsically fragile in the sense in which, say, the last political option (i.e., the republic) may be thought to be fragile. The despot, so long as he maintains fear amongst the peoples, has nothing to fear himself. Apparently for Montesquieu, it is the monarchy which is the first and primary type of government. He writes in Letter 131 of the Lettres Persanes, â€Å"Les premiers gouvernements du monde furent monarchiques.† Coming on the heels of this original type of government would be both the despotic rule and the republic, the latter of which comes by â€Å"chance,† he indicates. Apparently, despotism amounts to little more than a degeneration of an original monarchy. But, the republic is a genuine advancement of the Greeks. However, this advancement brings with it an intrinsic tendency toward reversion to that which preceded it, either monarchy or despotism, and this fact may be due to the complexity of the republic in both its nature and principles. For Montesquieu, one of the things that may typify the fragile nature of the republic is that it â€Å"cannot survive without what Montesquieu calls political virtue.† It is this requirement that the citizens must embody this political virtue (without which the republic could not endure) that lends to the fragile nature of republics. If the people cease persisting in this virtue, the republic could not endure, for the republic exists and continues only so long as the habits and eventual character of political virtue are exemplified in the people. In the republic, there is no one-to-one correspondence with what exists in despotism or a monarchy: a strong central authority. Therefore, the people must, by loving egalitarianism and the laws, arrange a situation for themselves wherein the needs of the good are served, even if at the expense of the needs of the many. This is exactly what Greece did, he argues, and it is incumbent upon any subsequent attempts at a republic to do the same. â€Å"L’amour de la libertà ©, la haine des rois, conserva longtemps la Grà ¨ce dans l’indà ©pendance, et à ©tendit au loin le gouvernement rà ©publicain.† Rousseau and the Fragility of Egalitarianism One could hardly resist beginning the discussion on Rousseau with his famous opening to chapter one of the Contrat Social. â€Å"Lhomme est nà © libre, et partout il est dans les fers.† How this particular situation came to be, Rousseau does not attempt to answer. Rather, he focuses his attention on how it is that man can get back to his original (or perhaps â€Å"primal†) state of freedom. If man in a state of servitude obeys his masters, he does well. However, if he can break free from that state, he does better still because to be free is man’s natural and original state, seen most evidently within the rites of passage intrinsic to family life. Although it could not be rightly said that Rousseau takes no points of departure from the thought of Montesquieu, there are nevertheless significant points of agreement between them on the idea of the republic. Rousseah offers as his main contribution to the discussion over the republic that a return to the ancient (i.e., Greek) polis is the most advisable course of action. Yet, an intrinsic tension to this suggestion is that Rousseau simultaneously advocates the idea of the â€Å"natural law† quite strongly. According to Helena Rosenblatt, for Rousseau the natural law is a very self-interested concept, which is at least prima facie at odds with the republican ideal of each person being grounded in virtue and community as that which adheres the republic together and maintains it. The more refined concept of the â€Å"general will† complicates the matter further and makes egalitarianism a la republicanism an even more fragile thing. Rousseau’s â€Å"General Will† In his writings prior to the Social Contract, Rousseau had explicitly indicated that he denied that man was naturally and easily a sociable creature. No, man’s first inclinations are not toward the public good, but in the direction of particular self-interests and this is evident by the historical facts that â€Å"les longs dà ©bats, les dissensions, le tumulte, annoncent lascendant des intà ©rà ªts particuliers et le dà ©clin de lEtat.† So, what takes place amidst the social contract is the necessity of all citizens when laying down public policy to not act in merely self-interested ways. The good of the many, the common good, was to be the overriding concern of all citizens in this regard, and this is the â€Å"general will† of Roussea, which he explores and elaborates in great throughout the Social Contract. But, what makes this concept of the â€Å"general will† even more tense and lending to the creation of a fragile situation for egalitarianism i s the paradoxical idea related to literally enforcing that citizens act in accord with the general will. The general will is not merely reducible to the â€Å"will of all people combined.† No, it is the â€Å"right† will which ever seeks the good of the whole State and never acts in a merely self-interested way. It is basically the will of God then, which must ever be right and, since God is omnibenevolent and always has the interests of everyone in mind, this is in line with the general will as Rousseau explicates it here. He writes, â€Å"Afin donc que le pacte social ne soit pas un vain formulaire, il renferme tacitement cet engagement qui seul peut donner de la force aux autres, que quiconque refusera dobà ©ir à   la volontà © gà ©nà ©rale y sera contraint par tout le corps: ce qui ne signifie autre chose sinon quon le forcera dà ªtre libre.† This is the key to the whole enterprise. It prevents the social contract from becoming, as he says, â€Å"un vain formulaire† (an empty formula). But, of course, although such an aspect of the overall contract is certainly sensible, how it is appropriated lends itself to fragility. The line is not always so clear when one is acting merely in his own self-interest and when he is acting in respect to the common good (or both simultaneously, which would apparently not violate the general will). It is not necessarily contradictory in its premise, but it is certainly paradoxical, as Rousseau surely felt. Conclusion Both Montesquieu and Rousseau in their respective days were vastly aware with the attending problems associated with the reintroduction of the ancient ideas of the republic and egalitarianism. However, they each firmly believed that whatever problems may accompany the advent of such in Modernity, it would certainly be worth it. For both of them, as most Westerners today would greatly sympathize, any form of egalitarianism via a republic, whatever fragility may accompany it, would be greatly preferable to either a monarchy or (especially) a despotic State. Works Consulted Krause, Sharon. The Politics of Distinction and Disobedience: Honor and the Defense of Liberty in Montesquieu, Polity 31, 3 (1999): 469-99. Grant, Ruth Weissbourd. Hypocrisy and Integrity : Machiavelli, Rousseau, and the Ethics of Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Morris, Christopher W. The Social Contract Theorists : Critical Essays On Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. Lanham, Md.: Rowman Littlefield, 1999. Riesenberg, Peter N. Citizenship in the Western Tradition : Plato to Rousseau. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. Rosenblatt, Helena. Rousseau and Geneva : From the First Discourse to the Social Contract, 1749-1762. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Shklar, Judith. The Spirit of the Laws: necessity and freedom. In Montesquieu, pp. 93-110. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Henrys Speeches in William Shakespeares Henry V -- Papers Henry V 5

Henry's Speeches in William Shakespeare's Henry V I will be writing about how Henry V wins the hearts of his men. Using, five main speeches that Henry V makes. I think that Henry won the hearts of his men by persuasion. Beforehand, I would like to apologize because I may talk about what ‘Henry’ says but I truly know this is what Shakespeare wrote. In the first speech the Dauphin presented Henry V with a set of tennis balls as a joke and insult. He was suggesting that Henry was a ‘child’ and not fit for being a king. I expected Henry V to be angry and yell with frustration but I noticed a sudden silence before Henry started his speech; it seemed as though he was collecting his thoughts and thinking how to answer Dauphin’s so called, â€Å"joke.† Henry used that time exceptionally wisely, he starts off with alliteration (which he also uses in Speeches 3, 4 and 5), â€Å"Pleasant/ Present/ Pains.† These words may sound calm and polite, but all these words need to be said with clenched teeth. I found the line 290, Act One Scene 2, interesting where Henry says, â€Å"†¦dazzle all the eyes of France, Yea strike the Dauphin blind to look us,† Henry compares himself to the sun: so bright and successful that the Dauphin would not be able to look up to him, making the Dauphin feel inferior. Henry here plays splendidly with words as we can see throughout the play, â€Å"Turn his balls to gunstones,† Henry changes something as harmless and simple as tennis balls into weapons of destruction. Henry is often religious and spiritual in his speeches. Here he says, â€Å"and soul shall stand sore†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he attacks the Dauphin n... ...e me thinks, me/ fear, fellowship,† once again to give a rhythm to his speech and it makes one think about the words said. Henry names the day, â€Å"Feast of Crispin’s Day,† to me that sounded more of emotional blackmailing than encouragement. Henry says that if they win this battle they would be as common as, â€Å"household words.† Shakespeare utilizes the technique of ‘use of three’, â€Å"We few, we happy few, we band of brothers,† making it easier for his soldiers to trust him, making him sound more trustworthy. He uses emotional blackmail again as well, â€Å"Shall be my brothers.† I admired how different each speech is. I found it inspiring how Shakespeare can make Henry sound so trustworthy, sensitive and compassionate and two minutes later he can change the way one seems Henry just by the words he says.

Review of Chinatown

Polanski’s Chinatown is a classic of 1970’s cinema, as it tells a tale of murder, due to greed and the political issue of the drought in California. Jack Nicholson, who superbly plays the character of Jack Gittes, is a detective who investigates matters considering adultery. A woman by the name of Evelyn Mulwray insists that her husband is having an affair, asking for Mr. Gittes to find out the truth, although it is not until later on when the photos of Mr. Gittes and a lady have been released into the media that he realises the lady was an imposter. Evelyn Mulwray who is played by the renowned, Faye Dunaway, plays a character that is mentally unstable, although portrays herself as being strong and powerful. Jack Gittes becomes infatuated with the mystery of the murder and the water project, in which he begins to see holes in the lies being fed to him as he searches for answers. As he and widowed Evelyn grow closer, so does the truth and a resolution. Through this Polanski keeps his viewers on their seats, as they watch this thriller, as they along with Jack Gittes try to piece together the truth. Polanski portrays the aura of the era with sophistication, weaving music and a great choice of settings to give the viewer a feel of the time and culture. The clothing, the cars, the constant habit of smoking gives a picture of Los Angeles, California in the 1940’s and how it has evidently changed to today’s culture and society. Throughout the movie the viewer is able to grasp numerous issues that are still apparent today, particularly corruption and greed and the way in which people’s decisions are influenced by them. The role and status of women is pointed at throughout the film, with Mrs. Evelyn Mulwray acting as a figure of feminism, in freely having affairs and taking the reins when it was required of her. Her turning point in the film shows her strength as a woman, even though being raped by your own father would be mentally disturbing in every nature. In this scene the viewer is represented with the ideas of cunning men in a patriarchal society and how this was abused. Noah Cross: Katherine! I, I'm your grandfather, my dear. I'm your grandfather.

Boosting Key Milk Nutrients May Help Lower

The report (ScienceDaily screen 1) mainly focused on the important contributions of vitamin D, calcium and magnesium in risk prevention for diabetes; most especially the type 2 diabetes. (qtd in ScienceDaily, screen 1)The language used is fairly comprehensive with the use of familiar words and with only a few technical terms. The author’s understanding of the previously reported findings is sufficient to allow him or to allow her to thoroughly explain the findings of the studies presented. In both studies conducted by Pittas et al. and Larsson et al., meta-analyses approaches were conducted to obtain the results. (qtd in ScienceDaily, screen 1) Studies performed were mainly based on American diet, therefore similar studies may be conducted to evaluate whether these findings apply for other racial and ethnic populations.These information would really be useful for individuals who have diabetes or are at risk of developing diabetes; as well as the general population for the prom otion of health and prevention of disease. However, to a reader without extensive nutritional background, results of this study may be misleading. The report may mislead by giving the reader the notion that drinking milk alone will be prevention enough against diabetes. Other preventive measures for diabetes should have been included in the report to avoid misinterpretation.Reference:ScienceDaily. â€Å"Boosting Key Milk Nutrients May Help Lower Type 2 Diabetes Risk†. (13 July 2007). 16 July 2007 .Web address: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070711001452.htmMore on: Diabetes, Dietary Supplement, Vitamin, Hormone Disorders, Nutrition, Osteoporosis Boosting Key Milk Nutrients May Help Lower Type 2 Diabetes Risk Science Daily — Most Americans fail to get the calcium and vitamin D they need, but this shortfall could be affecting more than their bones. It may, at least in part, be one reason behind the epidemic of type 2 diabetes, suggests new research conducte d at Tufts University. Drinking more milk — a leading source of calcium and vitamin D in the American diet — could help decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes by nearly 15 percent, according to the new meta-analysis and review published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (1).In the thorough analysis of previously published studies, the researchers found chronically low levels of vitamin D were linked to as high as 46 percent greater risk of type 2 diabetes. Yet boosting vitamin D alone would likely have little effect in healthy adults. Instead, the researchers suggested that a combination of vitamin D and calcium, like that found in milk, would have the greatest potential to help prevent diabetes, especially among those at highest risk for the disease.Examining the intake of milk and milk products specifically, the researchers found there was nearly a 15 percent lower risk for type 2 diabetes among individuals with the highest dairy intake (3-5 serving s per day) compared to those getting less than 1  ½ servings each day.Most of the studies assessed were observational and the limited number of intervention trials makes definitive conclusions difficult, yet the Tufts researchers suggest calcium and vitamin D may affect the body's ability to produce or utilize insulin, the hormone the body makes to process sugar that is impaired in those with diabetes and pre-diabetes.Beside calcium and vitamin D, milk is the primary beverage source of magnesium, which a second meta-analysis found may also reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes (2). The analysis concludes that for every 100 milligram increase in magnesium up to the recommended dietary intake, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes decreased by 15 percent.Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome (or pre-diabetes) affect a staggering 75 million Americans and death rates from diabetes have increased nearly 45 percent over the past 20 years, elevating the importance of finding new ways to treat and prevent this deadly disease.Milk is a primary source of calcium and vitamin D in the American diet. In fact, government reports indicate that more than 70 percent of the calcium in our nation's food supply comes from milk and milk products. Additionally, milk is one of the few food sources of vitamin D, which is fast emerging as a â€Å"super nutrient.†The recommended three servings of lowfat or fat-free milk provides 900 mg of calcium, 300 IU of vitamin D and 80 mg of magnesium daily.Reference:(1) Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. REVIEW: The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007;92:2017-2029.(2) Larsson SC, Wolk A. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2007. doi: 10.1111; epub ahead of print.Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by Weber Shandwick Worldwide

Generations from the Internet Essay

the author wrote of the people as if they were comparable to animals. that was something noticeable. it could be that it was the author’s way of saying how some families lived when martial law still loomed over the entire nation. the members of the family in the story lived desolate lives. the father was a drunkard. the mother was physically abused. the grandfather was always left mumbling in some corner. and the kids had nothing to do but endure the dreadfulness of their lives. the girl, for example, was beautiful. she could have been an actress. but she was not able to properly utilize her God-given resources for her own sake. instead, she was obligated to help her family the best way she could. but what about herself? what about her own future? surely, the family was not normal. they were not like those families whose portraits hung proudly in a large room in a gargantuan house. luck was not on their side. as if their life was not terrible enough, the father found himself in trouble, and the girl was forced to have herself desecrated by men in whose hands the fate of her father lied. in the end, the father still died. what was weird was the way the family members took it all too lightly. the children’s taking a bath after the news was divulged was a sign that indeed, after the funeral, the laundry. they knew they couldn’t dwell on the sadness because there was life.. l ife they must fix if they wanted it to be so much better. their eating together including old selo was a sign of solidarity, and so was the children’s taking a bath. they went through things together, and that’s what’s important to them. and maybe the title says that the problems get passed from one generation to the other. the problems could get worse, have the same intensity, or better yet, be remedied in the future. but i think the children of this family will be encumbered for a long time. i guess times like those one couldn’t really afford to severe his ties with the last few bony shoulders to cry on. posted by faye gonzalez | 11:51 PM

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 19

English - Essay Example The people, who watch over her in this condition, are Jason Posner, who solely resorts his faith in being a doctor. Another person is, Susie Monahan, who is a nurse with a humanitarian approach, she is the only one in the entire hospital who really cares for Vivians deplorable state. Dr. Kelekian is the head doctor in the hospital, who is just interested in the results; it does not matter to him, what they are. The doctors counsel for an untried treatment of painful chemotherapy, and she agrees to it. Partially it is her own choice, but also her own personal states of affairs force her to act so, she comes to a decision to endure the agony of the treatment by herself. However, as her treatment develops, she desires that she really had some more actually gentle human interface from the people who treat her as a human being and not just an object of research trial. The tone of this theatre is grim, and quite unlike to the name, ‘Wit’ is not explicit here; but the play has many intelligent moment of humor in it. The story revolves around a question of life and death, but has a much more intricate humanitarian tone in it. The excellent background music of piano helps to understand the underlying tone of the story more deeply. Emma Thompson’s outstanding performance and Mike Nichols’ excellent direction made it more appealing to the spectators. This theatrical production Stage Beauty (2004), is based on 1660s Londons theatres production of Londons theatres. The plot turns around the established system of gender positions in the theatre production houses. It intends to modify these gender issues for everyones benefit. Ned Kynaston is a homosexual, cross-dressing artist who has been portraying on-stage female characters in several plays for many years, mainly the role of Desdemona in Othello. He also shares a close bonding with a certain male co-actor. Gradually, the long and

Discuss How Benedict's Work Developed Boas Vision of Anthropology And Essay

Discuss How Benedict's Work Developed Boas Vision of Anthropology And Whether It Also Represented a New Direction In American Anthropology - Essay Example This anthropological method is still considered to be highly effective today, as it reduces bias in analysis (Young, 2005). The idea of cultural relativism is also much championed in the work of Boas. Like Benedict after him, Boas held the belief that each cultural system only has meaning when studied as a whole, apart from other cultural systems. The moral compass of that particular culture should not be judged against our own moral compass, because they have to be seen relatively (Herskovits, 1973). Additionally, both Boas and Benedict understood that culture and cultural systems change over time, which means that there is an element of historical relativism found in both their works (Herskovits, 1973). This means that an anthropologist should look at a culture as an entity in both time and space to fully understand the rituals and symbols found within it (Herskovits, 1973). It is interesting to see how Benedict took these original ideas about cultural anthropology from Boas and de veloped them with her own fieldwork and evidence. For example, some of Benedict’s early fieldwork was a continuation of Boas’, working with the Kwakiutl Native American group. Benedict began gathering evidence that, whilst the customs of the Kwakiutl may seem strange, they are intelligible when considered as a part of the whole. This thought was followed on with her own fieldwork on the Pueblo group, found in New Mexico. Again, many of the customs and symbols found in Pueblo culture may seem alien to those reading â€Å"Patterns of Culture†, but Benedict (like Boas before her) encouraged the reader to think outside of their own culture to aid... This paper approves that the cultural relativism which was so promoted by Boas and developed by Benedict has come to be a cornerstone of most academic anthropology. Many academic textbooks promote the idea that a degree of neutrality is needed for true anthropological research. It is easy to assume that all cultures share the same moral and ethical values as our own, but many do not. Many make the mistake of assuming that other cultures are somehow ‘wrong’ for not adhering to ‘our’ values, which ruins empirical fieldwork. In this sense, Boas and Benedict had a huge impact on American anthropology and how it has developed into the scientific field that it is today. Thisreport makes a conclusion that Benedict built on these strong foundations to develop her idea of cultural identity and national personalities, including some of Boas’ fieldwork in her own research. Overall, the work of Boas and Benedict have been highly influential in the field, having been incorporated into the work of important anthropologists such as Margaret Mead. Particularly important are the emphasis that Boas put onto cultural relativism, suggesting that anthropologists need to be careful when examining other cultures to take the culture as a whole without judgement using personal morals and ethics. Additionally, Boas was highly critical of racism within the field, something which is generally championed by anthropologists working in the field today.