Development of Global Managers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Development of Global Managers - Research Paper Example The companies now need strategic capabilities in three major business areas including global scale efficiency, local responsiveness and capability of leveraging worldwide. The notion of global manager is not very new however it has got momentum is recent time when the business world all over globe are witnessing the transformational changed led by the technology advancements. The concept of global managers has evolved over the time with the expectation of fulfilment of these objectives however, it is also a fact that no single global manager could perform all of these tasks for a business and generally group of specialized managers is developed for the management of company matters worldwide (Steers, et al, 2010). . The development of global managers is an important issue for the companies operating internationally because the global managers are made and not born. The development of the global managers appears to be foremost question for the corporate managers because they have to a ssure that the right person has got the right training and capabilities to work at the right place for generating the desired results. The concept of global managers is not very new and since the development of the notion there is extensive research work conducted around the topic in order to explore the issue from various perspectives (Bartlett and Ghoshal 2003). It has been unveiled that mainly these used to be three types of global managers including business manager, country manager and functional manager. The global business or product division manager has the responsibility to build efficiency and competitiveness of the company all around the world by recognizing cross border opportunities and risks. The country managers work as building block for worldwide operations of the company by providing detailed understanding and interpretation of local markets and building local capabilities and resources. The third type of global manager is worldwide functional specialist that trans fers the expertise from one unit to another and works for leverage learning, generation of good ideas and best business practice of the companies (Kediaa and Mukherji, 1999). Development of Global Managers – Current Issues The international business operations require constructing internationally competent workforces that must be comprise of the people having adequate information about the business. This requirement is also fulfilled by the global managers that are expected to be highly flexible and open minded. The building of such team is not a simple task and sometimes the companies take years to come up with the team of perfectly chosen global managers to organize their worldwide operations in adequate manner (Steers, et al, 2010). It is now impossible for the multinational companies to consult and reply upon single manager or specialist for effective management of their operations in any country because they must have team of global managers with multicultural experience so that they could recognize the cultural differences affecting the business activities and communication as well as working relationship within the company (McNally and Parry, 2000). Traditionally the businesses use to reply upon single country managers or expert for the management of the cross border business matters however, the increased trend of international business has changed the situation and the companies are required to give special attention towards allocation of management duties to competent

Coca-Cola financial statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coca-Cola financial statements - Essay Example Coca-Cola’s largest assets are property, plant and equipment that amount to a net worth of 9,052 million dollars based on the December 2014 yearly financial reports (The Coca-Cola Company, 2015). Their second largest asset is goodwill that amounted to 12,100million dollars as at December 2014. Their total asset worth is 92,023 million dollars. Based on the 2014 financial reports, the company’s total liabilities amount to 32,374 million dollars while their total equity amounts to 30561 million dollars (The Coca-Cola Company, 2015). At the end of the year, the company’s’ cash and its equivalents amounted to 8,958 million dollars. The company’s largest expenses were on purchase of investments and payments of debts. Purchase of investments amounted to 17800 million dollars while payment of debts amounted to 36,962 million dollars. Despite having many debts and incurring a lot of money on investments, Coca-Cola realized a gross profit of 28,109,000 dolla rs. How the financial statements are linked The income statement described how assets and liabilities were used during the year. The cash flow statement explained how the company got cash and how they spend it, and it gave a figure on the company’s cash at hand Example 1: The net income calculated in the income statement ($7,098,000) is used as the first item in the cash flow statements ($7,098,000) (NASDAQ, 2015). Example 2: The retained earnings of the company amounted to 63,408,000 dollars.

Punk Rock Essay Example for Free

Punk Rock Essay American exceptionalism is a pivotal concept within the American culture. Stemming from a revolution, this theory shaped a new way of thinking within the United States that seemed far different from many other cultures. Seymour Martin Lipset used this concept to explain, â€Å"why the United States is the only industrialized country which does not have a significant socialist movement or Labor party. † This essentially explains why America is extraordinary. Punk personifies American exceptionalism with its distinct lifestyle to be different from the norm, and is surrounded by independent self-governing thinkers. The United States didn’t become what it is today because of law abiding and passive citizens. This is also a main reason why Punk Rock became so popular in America, and has stayed relevant to teens and young adults all over the world. People began to thrive on understanding the history of this nation, and take pride in the originality of our constitution, and way of life. Punk Rock adds another chapter in the long list of independent concepts and ideas within the American Culture. â€Å"America marches to a different drummer. Its uniqueness is explained by any or all of a variety of reasons: history, size, geography, political institutions, and culture. † This type of â€Å"American† thinking continues to inspire all kinds of musicians, but more so with the Punk Rock genre than any other. It was defines the core competencies of the bands, as well as that of their followers. This defining concept of individualism is also why Punk Rock has stayed relevant for all of these years. This country was built off this impression, as well as Punk Rock. It is hard to break down the barrier of individualism, because everyone is so unique, and Punk Rock simply unites and celebrates all different types of unique thinking. Through lyrics from bands such as the Romones, Blink 182, and The Clash, a colossal following came to Punk Rock. The lyrics almost became anthems to band groupies lives. In â€Å"The Shape of Things to Come† by the Romones, they sing â€Å"Theres a new sun Risin up angry in the sky? And theres a new voice Sayin were not afraid to die. One could argue that that way of thinking was backbone for what soldiers in the American Revolution stood for, and how the United States became to be what it is today. Of course American exceptionalism has its negative aspects to it that can be looked down upon. The United States has at times been exceptionally bad, racist, and violent. This cannot be ignored in the conversation of American exceptionalism. Although some of this demonstrates unfair and harsh governing, it shows that the American spirit still have that Punk Rock â€Å"drive† in them that fuels and strengthens them. This is also another reason why Punk Rock has, and will always continue to stay relevant in todays American Culture

Cadbury History And Important Developments Marketing Essay

Cadbury History And Important Developments Marketing Essay The name of Cadbury in the domain of chocolates was first established in the year 1824, when John Cadbury opened a store in Birmingham, London, selling freshly made cocoa and drinking chocolate. Seeing the heavy demand and success of his shop, John Cadbury set up a factory to commercially produce his offerings. In 1861, sons of John Cadbury Richard and George Cadbury took over the control of the company and to save Cadbury from closing down, invested all their funds into a cocoa press. It offered an efficient processing technique, reducing wastage and eliminating use of additives, thereby making the product Absolutely Pure (Cadbury marketed it like this). In the later years, Cadbury realized that a lot of cocoa butter is left after processing cocoa and if it is combined with milk; milk chocolates can be made out of it. So, in 1905, Cadbury launched the Dairy Milk for the first time, which became one of the major chocolates to be sold and consumed around the world. In the same year, Cadbury commissioned its first logo and went ahead on the lines of making it a brand to continue for long. First Cadbury logo commissioned. A smooth and outreaching success of Cadbury received a heavy blow during the Second World War. Rationing was imposed and the manufacturers were prohibited from using fresh milk. Cadbury finally resorted to dried skimmed milk powder and marketed the product as Ration Chocolate. Cadburys Ration Chocolate. So as to expand its operations in other countries, on 19th July, 1948, Cadbury entered India as a private limited company as Cadbury-Fry (India) Private Limited. With the years, they started setting up manufacturing facilities in the country too. Company felt the need to cut costs while maintaining quality. It decided to source the milk and cocoa from India only and eventually undertook the project for development of cocoa and milk in India. This included establishing a special advisory board, research centres and tying up with Induri Farm Ltd., for betterment of cattle breeding for better milk yield. Seeing the growing demand for chocolates in India, Cadbury realized the market potential here. They converted themselves into a public limited company on 7th June, 1977 Cadbury India Pvt. Ltd. And then in 1984, Cadbury launched its legendary brand Dairy Milk in India. Little did they know at that time that this product will become the flag bearer of the company in India. Besides chocolates and cocoa, the company also tried its hands on other products like food drinks, ice-creams, confectionaries, apple juice and even exporting software. The company introduced a high-protein food drink Enriche in 1988. A year later, they introduced Dollops ice cream in strategic alliance with Unilever. Cadbury India expanded its offerings to Five-Star, Perk, Crackle, Gems, Bourneville, Temptations, Nutties, etc and currently has 70.07% of the chocolate market share in the country with Nestle India second in the lead. Out of this around 30% is captured by Cadburys Dairy Milk alone. Mergers and Acquisitions J.S. Fry and Sons Ltd. In 1919, Cadbury merged with Frys, the manufacturers of the first chocolate bar. They merged together to form the British Cocoa and Chocolate Company and became the manufacturers of popular chocolate brands like Countlines (a hit in US and Canada), Crunchie, Fudge and Picnic. Schweppes Cadbury went for a merger with the drinks giant Schweppes. This led to the formation of Cadbury Schweppes in 1969. This merged company went on to acquire top brands like Canada Dry, Snapple, Royal Crown, etc, to increase its world market share in drinks. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cadbury_Schweppes.svg/161px-Cadbury_Schweppes.svg.png In 2003, Cadbury Schweppes took over the worlds second largest gum manufacturer, Adams and became the world leader in confectioneries. Due to such a wide scale of operations, it became difficult to manage all the verticals under one umbrella. So the company decided to split into two one focusing on the chocolates and confectioneries while other on the drinks business. This led to the demerger of the companies in 2007 to form Dr Pepper Snapple Group to handle the drinks business. Kraft Foods Inc. In January, 2010, Kraft Foods Inc took over Cadbury for  £11.5 billion and became the global confectionery leader. But due to lot of offerings by Kraft Foods it got split into two and Cadbury came under the newly formed company Mondelez International. Consumer Behaviour The consumer behaviour of the world population towards chocolates and confectionaries has seen a drastic change over the years. Initially, chocolates were too costly and selective that only the high-ups of the society could afford to consume it. They were more of a luxury and in England; chocolate boxes were gifted only on very special occasions. But today, from a delicacy, chocolates have become an everyday sweet. Cadbury recognizes it and endorses this belief by its Aaj meethe me kya hai campaigns, forming an image that Cadbury is for everyone, everyday. Also they have made the Cadbury chocolates, especially Dairy Milk, synonymous with the word meetha or sweet. They understand how Indians have a sweet tooth and the youth is moving away from the traditional sweets. To capture this market opportunity, they pushed strongly for campaigns like Kuch meetha ho jaye and offered festive packs like Celebrations to replace the traditional Indian sweets. Some other significant decisions taken by the company with respect to changing consumer behaviour: In 1987, Cadbury launched Wildlife Bar chocolate. For sale of every bar of it, the company contributed a portion to the wildlife fund. The company marketed itself as an environmentally-aware firm, and the people could relate to the cause and supported the company. With the idea of capturing the maximum of India Inc., Cadbury also entered the confectionery business by launching a sugar candy Googly. Such candies were easy to manufacture in bulk, convenient to distribute. Also, they were lowly priced and could be consumed by the all the sections of the Indian society, who either didnt have a taste for chocolate or couldnt afford it. To bring the chocolates and food drinks within the budget of the wide middle-class population of India, Cadbury went for LUP (Low Unit Packs) by introducing chocolates in small grammages. The youth had more affinity to chocolates and colas and wanted to be a part of the new trends. Cadbury made it simpler for them by the LPU offerings and was very effective in capitalizing on this changing consumer behaviour. Not only the youth, the company also targeted the adults especially mothers by introducing its famous food drink Bournvita in sachets. As a result, in the wake of changed consumer behaviour, where mothers preferred health-drinks for their children, Cadbury easily entered the homes of even middle class families, who couldnt afford large packs at a time. Over the years, the consumers have become more health and quality conscious and the companies cant be casual about such stricter consumer behaviour. A classic case when Cadbury erred was the Worms controversy. A batch of Dairy Milk chocolate was infested with worms. It lead to a huge controversy. People lost their trust in a quality conscious company like Cadbury and the consequences were loud and clear-Cadburys Diwali time sale of products dropped by a whopping 30%. The company bounced back by launching Operation Vishwas. They recalled all defective chocolate batches and even introduced double and plastic based packaging to ensure safety. They also roped in a reliable and trustworthy role model Amitabh Bachchan to invoke the lost trust of the people in the brand. Eventually, Cadbury was successful and is the market leader in the country. EMAMI GROUP The Emami Group came into existence when two ex-Birla Group executives Radhe Shyam Agarwal and Radhe Shyam Goenka, resigned from their jobs in 1974 to establish an ayurvedic medicine and cosmetic manufacturing unit in Kolkata. They named the company Kemco Chemicals. The founders had a strong belief that India being the land of Ayurveda, people here still had faith in the traditional medicinal system. And if it can be complemented with latest manufacturing techniques, it can be a huge commercial success. They made a risky decision of setting up their first factory in a sensitive area like Kolkata, where labour unrest, strikes and even cases of violence were common. But later, all turned out to be well. Realizing the size and potential the Indian middle class had, Emami targeted them initially and started off with a paltry sum of Rs 20,000.The distribution of the products under the Emami brand was initiated in West Bengal where the founders went to markets and retailers to market their products. Owing to the superior quality and competitive pricing of the products, as compared to other multinational products, the market and consumers easily accepted Emami. Slowly but steadily, efforts were put in to expand the distribution network in other eastern states. Soon, Emami went pan-India, where too it replicated its success as a trustworthy, reliable and traditional-yet modern brand. The basket of Emami products in the 1970s included standard and daily use products like Emami Talcum Powder, Vanishing Cream and Cold Cream. These were primarily focused at the fairer sex and were backed by strong marketing campaigns on radio and post-1982 on TV too. Emami was doing well when in 1978 it came across an opportunity to take over a dying yet credible company Himani Limited. The company was well known in eastern India for many years but due to poor operations and thin profit margins was on the verge of closing down. Emami at that time took a bold decision of acquiring Himani and by capitalizing on it brand equity and factory unit, transform both Himani and Emami into a larger and more successful company. After six years of acquiring Himani, Emami came out with two revolutionary products under the ambit of Himani only Boroplus Antiseptic Cream and Boroplus Prickly Heat Powder. These were introduced to cater to the change in consumer behavior. People were starting to become more conscious about their choices and wanted specialized products. Earlier they used to go for any cream or any talcum powder. But Emami knew that they had to produce and market specialized products like antiseptic creams for minor cuts and bruises and prickly heat powders for Indias scorching summers, to cater to changing consumer needs, so as to assure their sustenance in the future. Riding high on the success of brand Boroplus, the company launched it in Nepal, Ukraine and Russia. There also these products were a great success. The decade of 90s was very important and crucial for Emami. They launched an ayurvedic cool oil under the Himani brand Navratna Cool Oil. The oil was a runaway success and such was the demand of the product that Emami had to expand operations and setup another manufacturing facility in Pondicherry. Till date, Navratna oil is the world leader amongst cool oils. It was developed keeping in mind the changing behavior and lifestyles of the consumers. Lives became more stressful and hectic. People were losing on their health and wellness quotient and illness crept in. Keeping alive the tradition of massage, Emami developed this cool oil to not only cool off a person but also relieve him of stress, headaches, heat and insomnia. The people connected with the product and realized its usefulness in their lives. Availability of the oil in low unit packs further reached out to the rural population. Eventually, Navratna oil found acceptability in all economic sections of the society due to its USP. The setting up of the second manufacturing facility in Pondicherry provided two-pronged benefit to the company. Not only it catered to the heavy demands of Navratna Oil but also opened the markets of south India for Emami lead by Navratna Oil. Not only powders and oils, Emami increased its offering to chywanprash, hair dyes and pain-relief ointments. To further add on to its portfolio, Emami acquired close competitor Zandu and re-launched its products including balms and health foods. But in 2010, Emami had to face a failure in acquiring a tough competitor like Paras Pharmaceuticals. Paras had a parallel portfolio to Emami and included top brands like Moov, Krack, DermiCool, Livon, SetWet, Zatak, etc. If acquired, Emami would have become a major market player in the FMCG sector. But its bid fell short and Paras was eventually acquired by Reckitt Benckiser (RB). Emami now is in talks with RB to acquire Paras. A classic example of Emami changing with times is the launching of Fair and Handsome, a fairness cream for men. Emami understood that Indian men no longer want that dark skin tone and long for a fairer skin, a belief popular amongst the females. So, they launched a specialized product particularly for mens tough skin. Since its inception, Emami knew that its USP is ayurvedic compositions and it has to maintain it. Ayurveda connected well to the people in the 70s and 80s but in the new millennium, people, especially the youth are reluctant to such age-old traditional methods. They are more inclined towards latest researched techniques and formulations for their health and beauty. Emami understood this threat and heeded to the changing consumer behavior by roping in stars like Amitabh Bachchan, Shahrukh Khan, Kareena Kapoor, and many south stars , which promote the products amongst the youth and portray an image that Emami is a brand which offers the best of ayurveda and modern techniques and is a favourite amongst their star icons too.

Indicactor Lab: What is in each Test Tube? :: essays research papers

What is in each test-tube? What proof do I have of this? Test-tube A: Test-tube A had water in it. I can base this on the fact that it was a neutral, reacting neither to red or blue litmus paper. Phenolphthalein also did not react to this substance. The pH value was 7, neutral, also adding to the proof that this substance was water, because water is neutral. The substance was clear and odorless, and all of these reactions combined led me to my conclusion of substance A being water. Test-tube B: Test-tube B had spoiled milk in it. The substance reacted to blue litmus paper, and red litmus paper underwent no change. Phenolphthalein did not change, and the pH value was 6, a weak acid. The appearance of this substance was a thick, white liquid that had a horrible odor. These observations led me to my conclusion that substance B is spoiled milk. Test-tube C: Test-tube C had ammonia in it. The substance reacted to red litmus paper, and it had no effect on blue litmus paper. Phenolphthalein turned a hot pink color very quickly, and the pH value was about 11.5. The substance was clear and had a strong odor to it. These results led me to my conclusion that substance C is ammonia. Test-tube D: Test-tube D contained lemonade. The substance reacted to blue litmus paper, and red litmus underwent no changes. It had no effect on Phenolphthalein, and its pH value was 3, a strong acid. Knowing that lemons are very acidic, and that the substance was yellow and sweet smelling, I concluded that substance D was lemonade. Test-tube E: I could not come to a conclusion on what substance E was. It reacted weakly to blue litmus paper, and it did not change red litmus. It had no effect on Phenolphthalein, but its pH value tested as 7. This cannot be correct however, because all acids have a pH value less than 7. The appearance and smell were not of any help, because it was a clear substance with a slight odor I couldn’t key in on.

Underneath My Skin - Original Writing :: Papers

Underneath My Skin - Original Writing I am 15 years old, and I hate my life. My parents are dead, I have no friends, I get bullied every day, and the worst of it is that I can't do anything about it. I now live in Omaha, Nebraska with my aunt, Patrice, who just made 21 and is never home. She is my last living relative. At school this kid named Brian messes me all the time. I never fight back because I'm just peaceful like that. I get good grades (I have nothing else to do with my spare time except homework). I earn my own money by playing craps behind the school with loaded dice. That's why I don't have any friends. So I was walking home and here comes Brian with his sidekick Jim. Brian says, "Hey punk how's it goin'?" Then Jim says, "Yeah punk." I say, "I'm doing fine." "Gimme all your money, or my fist and your face will become good friends." Then he pushes me. All of a sudden, something came over and I just start wailing on the guy. I get up, look at Jim and say, "You want some of this?" He stands there in fear for a while and runs away. The rest of the way home I kept thinking about what happened, thinking about what came over me. In the middle of deep thought, I heard a voice say, "It was me." I looked around and no one was there. So I blew it off and went on home. I got home, laid on my bed still thinking about what happened. There was that voice again, "It was meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Makius." Now I knew something was up. "Who's there?" I said. "You don't know me but I know you very well," said the voice. "You know me," I said. The voice then said, "Yes, I know about the time when someone tripped you and everyone laughed. I know about the time when some bully stole your shoes, and wore them the next day.

Causes of Criminal Behavior

In today’s time, deviance and crime plaque American society. There are vast degrees of deviance, from a simple shoplifter, to a car thief, to a killing machine with no conscience, otherwise known as a serial killer. How is this killing machine created? Where and how does this type of criminal behavior begin? The answers to these questions must be addressed in order to stop the formation of deviance. While searching for these answers, the nature vs. nurture is brought up. Scientist and psychologists have debated over whether a child’s upbringing forms their behavior or whether they are born with a personality disorder, or could it be their body type and brain set up? (Jones 1) Society may never truly know all the causes of this behavior but for now, they wrong upbringing can, without a doubt, increase the chances of violent behavior. It has been said for years that ones parents are the base to make someone the person they become as an adult. Parents are a young child’s role model, but as we grow older we start to have other influences in our lives. People such as our friends, teachers, and other family members are considered to be part of our outside environment. In today’s time we are seeing less nuclear families and more single parent households. (Waggoner 30) Kimberly J. Waggoner did a study called, â€Å"The Project of Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods† which followed 80 young kids, till the age of 30, to see what kind of an impact their childhood had on them as an adult. She found that without two reliable role models, it can make a difference in that child’s behavior. Waggoner 30) She makes a great point that, â€Å"Grandmothers often play an important role in preventing children from developing antisocial behavior, especially those children born to teen mothers. In essence, children with access to extended family and other role models can thrive in a single- parent home. † She also goes on to say, â€Å"Yet, some studies have found that boys raised by their birth mother and a stepfat her are no better off than boys raised by mom alone. † (Waggoner 30) The cause of this could be that the boys look at their stepfather as competitors, rather than role models, who normally help children develop their self-esteem. Boys need to have that male role model in their lives. Without a solid home environment, it could lead a child towards the first step to criminal behavior, which is delinquent behavior. It starts as young as preschool. The child shows aggressive behavior toward their peers, and is than deemed as an outcast. Most times, this creates poor peer relations and causes those children to b e with others who share similar behaviors; usually these relationships continue into adolescents and maybe even adulthood. Waggoner 28) A child’s environment and upbringing has a tremendous effect on who they become as an adult. â€Å"As an adult, we can choose the environment in which to live, and this will either positively or negatively reinforce our personality traits†¦ However, children are limited to the extent of choosing their environment, which accounts for the greater influence of environmental factors in childhood behavior,† says Caitlin Jones, a professor at the Rochester Ins titute of Technology. Jones 4) Even though all these things can cause criminal behavior, they are not the only causes. Parents could be great and do almost everything right and still have a criminal child on their hands. It is a great question they may never be answered, what makes some people commit vindictive criminal acts, while others could not even kill a fly? We may never truly know the answer but, there are plenty of theories on the brain of a criminal. An Italian psychiatrist by the name of Cesare Lombroso has done countless studies of the skulls of criminals and found, â€Å"†¦ each type of crime is committed by men with a particular physiognomic characteristics, such as a lack of a bred or an abundance of hair†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rafter 69) In 1876 during an in depth study, Lombroso discovered most skulls of criminals were unusually small or malformed. Some of the skulls had a median occipital fossetta, and others had â€Å"monkeylike anomalies†. (Rafter 70) Criminals are said to look like everyone else, but there are little differences that to the normal person, go unnoticed. So they really do not look a whole lot different than the rest of us, yet they are still thought to be â€Å"backward intellectually compared to an honest man. †(Rafter 69) Another theory behind the criminal mind was brought up in the late 18th century by a German physician named Johann Gasper Spurzheim, and he came to what he thought, was an inescapable conclusion, â€Å"†¦ on the basis of numerous examples I have identified the primary cause of homicide, overdevelopment of the organ of Destructiveness, which is the seat of both negative and useful forms of destruction†¦It is commonly larger in men than women. (Rafter 78) Crimes are committed everyday; there are so many theories on the causes of crime one could talk about them for days. I believe both Lombroso and Spurzheim had great points; criminals are considered to be backward, which causes them to be vain, vindictive, remorseless, and undeterrable. Than, Spurzheim, believing in his organ of Destructiveness. Th ere is just one thing wrong with both of these theories; they leave out the women criminals. Men may be considered to be more physically violent than women but, they are just as capable as men at committing a violent act. Take the case of Andre Yates: in 2001, she systematically drowned her five children in a bath tub. Andre married a man by the name of Rusty Yates in 1993, and than she became pregnant six times in seven years, one ended in a miscarriage. Rusty insisted that Yates home school and take full care of the children herself. This placed heavy burdens on her and isolated her from social support. In early 2001, Andre lost her father and was prescribed antipsychotic drugs, she had her last child and went into postpartum psychosis. After drowning the children, Yates confessed she was not a good mother and was possessed by Satan. (Rafter 6) All the burdens of schooling, caring and cleaning up after five children can drive some mothers crazy. She could not handle all that stress than, after the trauma of losing her father, and having another baby, Andre Yates finally snapped. She is now incarcerated in a mental hospital. Cesare Lombroso also studied women criminals. He compared female offenders to their male counterparts and found â€Å"the few violent women exceed men in their ferocity and cruelty. (Rafter 71) Of course, there are far more crimes that are committed by men than women, yet women should not be eliminated from the world of crime. A criminal is a criminal, regardless of gender. Why do some offenders only commit one crime and others make a career out of it? A range of thoughts and theories exist. Some of those include: Kimberly Waggoner and all her ideas of childhood causes, outside environment, and our upbringing, Caitlin Jones and being able to choose our own environment as an adult to stop potential criminals. Also important are those of Nicole Rafter and the criminal brain, along with Lombroso, on women criminals and their male counterparts. Criminal behavior has been the subject for debate for centuries and will continue to be for centuries to come because, â€Å"Criminals are remorseless, incapable of resisting impulse to harm others, and morally savage, but in other aspects normal. † (Rafter 20) Hopefully, with all the knowledge we have and the studies yet to come, it will help to end the frustration that criminal justice psychiatrist experience while trying to fight crime, instead they will be able to understand, control and prevent crime.