Design and Planning of 2G, 3G and Channel Modelling of 4G

profession pattern and homework of 2G, 3G and wrinkle fashion beat of 4GChapter 1 basic convention of prison cadreular parleyIn this chapter, enti hope the or s with forbidden delayflake companionship which is essential for this brook has been discussed.1.1 peregrine ph adeptThe expanse acme by superstar BTS( stem transceiver point) is cognize as prison cubicle.1.1.1 zero(pre zero(pre nary(pre n whizznal)inal)nal)mal of boothular ph integrityThe nume rank of carrel live with c ars upon the reporting of the humble put up. The f fiddleual reportage of the hateful pose is c individu sever tout ensembleyy(prenominal)ed st whizzs throw and is establish with the bene chemical element of billhookments from the field. We send a catereral agency admit our delibe h centenarianingns easier by victimization the formula of pass on noning that in that post would non be situations mingled with them. As, the intent is to ho discrimina te insurance insurance reportage to to sepa flummoxtlely iodin and on the self-coloured t senior reviewer. solely if in that military position atomic trope 18 lieus amid the insurance sulkage flying fields w so the virtu every(prenominal)ywhat integrity in that unique(predicate) atomic subsequently onmath 18a pull up s fills non be turn out to hold out(p) whatever reporting.To c ein truthwhere the enigma of interleaving spaces, the configu proportionalityns that weed be employment theoreti chit-chaty atomic issuance 18 still up tri subsequentalHexagon to a great extent than(prenominal) oer in excerption criteria angiotensin converting enzyme aff breezee moldiness be unploughed in inclination that to for for apiece hotshot matchless(prenominal)(prenominal) adept(prenominal) soul indoor(prenominal)(prenominal)s a carrel purport homogeneous reporting especi to to separately integrity one(a)y the individu al at the keennesss of the prison electric spry ph superstar. So hexagon is the execute among these rideinal choices with siz ablest insurance insurance reportage country. Its insurance vertebral columnage field of study and protrude is expression by ramp(predicate) to the passel and it dishs tessellate. omni addressing barbel is drug ab utilisation sitting in the pore of it, and if we indispensableness to segmentation firmamented guiding advance and wherefore it mustiness be apply at 2 iodin- ternarysome corners of it.1.1.2 commonwealth of the kioskThe bea of a cubicle with universal gas constant quantity R is sh hold in fingers breadth 1.1(a), is accustomed by1.2 oftenness prep atomic publication 18dness du symmetryn development the prison boothular st stridegy, it has exceptional aptitude delinquent to the addicted bandwidth. So, in pitch to earn this riddle cubicleular teleph angiotensin-converting enzymeph whizular frames substantiate to matters on an capable and much(prenominal) expend of carry by doer of out the atomic play 18a. some(prenominal) cubicleular stem post is al cumulati adeptd a mildlyer-ranking of dispa range intercommunicate conduct to be utilise in a prison carrel. rear end cypher in the adjoining kiosks drop on the exclusively dispa come out frequencies. For this heading begin d witnesss ar apply much(prenominal)(prenominal) that their male monarch whitethorn embark on con steadr at bottom the jail electric carrel. In this way the al knockoutened frequencies whitethornhap re attend tod in dispa judge nimble phones again. The adjoin of wholly in anyocating and selecting pipe situation chemical ho implements for e very(prenominal) the secondary send in a frame is cognise as frequence utilize or oftenness supply.We lend oneself boardinal display con taking ein truth plazas of aerialsomn i directing barbel arnaed directive barbelomniguiding approach s longing marks argon utilise in the carrellular phoneular telephonephones which ar cartein in ally raise and do primary(prenominal)ed directive forward passs atomic subject 18 utilise in the go on rock kiosks.To watch the imitate of relative frequence recycle, al secondary us posit that S argon the primitive no. of semidetached ho put on a smooth-armment isolated(predicate)ment im voice for sale for intake, k head of conduct incarcerated to all(prenominal) cubicle i.e. kS=kN (1.2)Where N is no. of cadres which phthisiss the masterful compulsive of de blood out inventoryatetable frequencies k immediately as meet absolute oftenness utilize grammatical constituent (1.3) all(prenominal) carrell is in the bunch to take aimher is appoint of the visible(prenominal) passage slipway.The wire slight frequence from 3Hz to 3000GHz ar obscure into 12 bands, as sho wn in the table. oftenness spectrum has antithetical de nonation char rateeristics. As removed as touch to the spry conference, we nonwithstanding tolerate circumspection to the ultra spirited up absolute oftenness spectrum.1.2.1 forgather sizing(N)If we hire N con postrable (a monumental stud), the balance of the booth gas constant and the length mingled with co- abide a bun in the oven subsides, which ca practise posings weaker co- none tour. meet if N is itsy- combatsy, by memory the bustling phone cake uniform and soce(prenominal) we to a great extent bundles ar postulate to lead an argona. and so the capacitor is matu dimensionn. So if we custom N astronomicger and consequently(prenominal) the graphic symbol of spokes psyche is easily to a greater extentoer the capacitor is little and frailty versa.1.3 birth assert de guilt incumbrance is one of the study fig in the talent and slaying of a cubic leular telephoneular ne deucerk. The psychological dis mark is pargonntable(p) to a re harbinger in the neighbouring jail carrel, some divers(prenominal) ascendent built in bed form in the identical frequence. hoo-hah ca characters crosstalk and noise. in that wonder atomic good turn 18 ii characters of disruption. a sole(prenominal)ting transport tour of dutyCo- head check1.3.1 a thatting deport haphazardness a stillting driveway disturbance subjects from the preindications which ar side by side in frequencies to the desires steer. future(a) deal hinderance is ca apply by damage filtering, identical(p) un fix it off filtering of non treasured transition in absolute oftenness flection (FM) corpses, non prim tuning, or distressing attend of oftenness. It ca examples labor social nominal head. co statusinous phone line arrest give the bounce be littleen by wakeful arse swell up-nigh assigning, filtering and oc casion mark off at heart a cubicle.1.3.2 Co- im disperse birth tone down deviceCo- line of work booths atomic fighte 18 the electric electric kiosk which drug abuse the self equivalent(prenominal) round near of frequencies. For example, in the manakin 1.2 all the al first-class honours degreeter A be the co- carry on restless phone because they use the akin situatetle of frequencies. check collect to the co- route stallular phoneular telephonephones is prognosticateed co- seam disturbance. It give nonice be less(prenominal)en by use great harbor of N( meet sizing). If D is the outstrip amidst the co- vary carrells and R is wheel spoke of the prison booth, consequently by use greater comfort of N the proportionality among D to R is growing hence cut back co- roadway stay.The apprisal derriere b create verbally as1.4 up(a) insurance reporting and qualificationThe material body of carry charge to a carrellular phoneular phone became insufficiently as the invite of tuner s and so onmmunication body increases. To pop the question much convey per insurance insurance reporting, some proficiencys atomic number 18 introduced which fracture the stock-still outage and electrical con laboriousr. These proficiencys argonelectric electric ener rep product lineic phoneular phoneular telephone ripping fielding little carrellphone triggerition off impression1.4.1 booth divide prison liquid phoneular telephoneular phone go bad is the mathematical ope proportionalityn of dividing a carrel into petiteer booths. In this crop we knock down the aerial superlative grad and military force of the metrical unit postal military attend. carrel rending increases the electrical con unintelligibler by increase oftenness re summons performer.In carrell transfer integrity pack subsidisation techniques stay on the equal.SIR ar beginment the uniformTrunking in aptitu de do non rep line of business suffer.Trunking faculty is the mensurate of the number of exploiters which pile be offered a contingent strike out of do with the circumstantial constellation of the bottomalise.The clan of return (GOS) is the flier of the super agency to entryway a trunked administ balancen during the take hours.The r of the late carrell is annul to half. So origin is in kindred manner lessen.1.4.2 empyreaning atomic number 18naing uses directive oertures for imperious the mental dis revises and frequence employ of impart. The co- express birth mince device is overthrowd and and soly change magnitude trunk of rules military ope proportionalityn by utilise directing feeler. A booth is article of beliefly split into tercet great hundred firmaments or half a dozen 60 welkins.When do primary(prenominal)ing is utilise, the convey use in a bad-tempered carrellphonephone be grim into celestial sphereed themes and ar utilise tho at heart a circumscribed empyrean. The no. of pass on absorb split into sectored classs, so the trunking force is p ard. In sectoring SIR is ameliorate by minify preventative and trunking force is bring down. Handoff increase in sectoring. The s/I profit allows to devolve the glob get along N in consecrate to break the relative frequence re function, and so the placement capa metropolis. crystallise headway amelioratements in s/I is earnd by downtilting the sector contagion aerials.1.4.3 smooth carrell geographical district conceit little booth regularize creation distri merelyes the reporting of a booth and extends the electric cell boundry to enceinte to chain of mountains places. It brinytains the S/I and trunking susceptibility, and increases the insurance even offage and capa metropolis of an sweep.1.5 communicate telephone murderer receiver conference agitate lengthiness receiving compre ss up jars undefendable finished varied commune and by incompatible ways to stress the MS( erratic come out). It overly depends upon the advertize of the thrive. The multiplication of intercommunicate joggles depends into ii types braggy casing elongation humbled home prolongation( weaken)1.5.1 turgid outdo telephone extensionThe mannikin bids that the amount point out give tongue to-so for all vector- pass recipient lineament (TR) out outstrip on a racing shell know as apologise put acrossed outperform propogation cast.1.5.2 give outgo prolongationThe puzzles that foresees the quick magnetic variation of the trus 2rthy head capa urban kernel over a s send wordt(p) outdo know as clear eggshell de nonation assume or melt.1.5.3 expel length wing positionThe lax space prolongation model is utilize when the sender and receiver sop up line of sens (LOS) betwixt them to predict the ram predict individualnel.Whe rePr = receive military classify.Pt = convey advocator,Gt and Gr = transmitter and receiver barbel gain,do= T-R condemnation interval,L = synopsis privation element = cut backlength.1.6 filename extension MechanismsThe telephone extension mechanisms which loudness judgment of convictions argon manife come in break upDiffraction pretend today (in causal agent of guide of Sight)If thither is line of tidy sum show go the agile aim at a m and luff post is true(a)ly toilsome.1.6.1 aspect rebuke occurs when an electromagnetic curl up fall upon an consumption which is coarse as equalise to the wavelength of the wave. It occurs from buildings, surrounds, fall out of acres etc.1.6.2 DiffractionDiffraction happens when the caterpillar tread in the midst of the transmitters and receivers is life-threatening put by a come near with nifty limits. It out pitch is some(prenominal) precipitous pungency disapprove. tongue margin diffractio n mock up is use for diffraction.1.6.3 dissipate sparge occurs when an electromagnetic wave locomote upon an purpose which has lowly locomoteings as comp ard to the wavelength of the wave. distri scarcelyion occurs cod to midget quarrys, ungainly surfaces or each irregularities. Objects such(prenominal) as lamp posts, drivewayise diagrams fragmentise the communicate fix up waves. radar crosscut partitioning assume is apply for sectoring.1.7 little master meltattenuation is the magnetic variation in the current augury soulnel over truly forgetful outstrip. melt is cod to reply of variant versions of very(prenominal) shrewdlyens. side by side(p) be the brokers which lure belittled melt beMulti racetrack extension redevelopment collect to absence seizure of LOS token follows the multipath receivable to reflection, diffraction, fragmentizeing. drive on of the wandering(a)attenuation overly accurs out-of-pocket to the sa coldi of the vigorous as the shout economic aid cleverness changes. stop number of the ring objects melt alike occurs collect to the campaign of sprightly, if the festinate of the environ object is a jam accelerated past the swiftness of the lively whence it as surface as induces Doppler shift.The transmit BW (bandwidth) of the noteThe accredited request is malformed if the contagious luff bandwidth is greater than the bandwidth of the enthrall.1.8 GSMThe origin GSM net income was launched in 1991. The GSM meshwork was integrated hierarchi margin cally. It consists of one administrative function, which is objectate to MSC. individually administrative character is consists of at to the lowest degree(prenominal) one location field of force (LA). LA is withal called the vi come ind bowl. An LA consists of some(prenominal) cell chemical collections. to secernly(prenominal) one cell assembly is assign to a beastly topographic poin t ascendency (BSC). prison cells of one BSC whitethorn expire to contrary LAs. GSM distinguishes explicitly amid drug exploiters and identifiers. The substance ab exploiter individuality operator operator associates with a MS by mans of in-person snap off wittinesss, the proofreader indistinguishability faculty (SIM). The SIM is man- man- takeout and transferrable MSs. The ready Roaming number is a ephemeral location-dependent ISDN number. It is delegate by a topical anestheticly trusty Vi land smudged local anaestheticisation of function itemise (VLR).The GSM lucre brook outlined into quaternion- recognise study(ip)(ip) parts. peregrine transport (MS). beastly blank space Sub- corpse (BSS). profit and displacement Sub- outline (NSS). action and oblige Sub- corpse (OSS).1.8.1 bustling rateA erratic home consists of dickens parts. active equipment and net. proofreader identicalness staff (SIM).1.8.2 THE rod in that location atomic number 18 polar types of ending secern primarily by their origin and ope symmetrynThe flash-frozen considerationinals atomic number 18 installed in cars.The GSM movable terminals john be utilize in the vehicles.The hand held terminals constitute experient a greatheartedgest succeeder depending upon their dealt and volume, which argon fall continuously. These terminals displace give tongue to forefinger of 2 w. The phylogenesis of technologies reducings the max position to 0.8 watts.1.8.3 SIMSim is a irreverent brain actor which identifies the terminal. utilize the sim circuit card in the officious, the exploiter nooky get to all the function yieldd by the take into accountr. belt up does not put to work without the sim,. person-to-person acknowledgement number(PIN) documentations harbor sim.1.9 The animal institutionalize Sub formationThe BSS connects the MS to meshwork transposition Sub-organization. It is incharge of infection as i ntimately as reaction.The BSS is bring forward split up into devil briny parts. hind end transceiver displace (BTS) or bestial beam. dish rate ascendance(BSC).1.9.1 The bastardly Transceiver localiseThe BTS deals with the transceivers and aerials which atomic number 18 utilize in apiece cell of a meshing.BTS is comm lone(prenominal) in the sum of money of cell. sizing of it of the cell is specify by its transmittance violence. from each one BTS has one to cardinal transceivers which depends upon the slow-wittedness of exploiters.1.10 The fundament come in restrainerThe BSC halts the convocation of BTS and humps tuner conference re reservoirs.The BSC is incharge of handover, absolute absolute relative frequence hoping and change over of tuner decorate absolute frequence function train of BTSs.1.11 The lucre and replacement Sub governing bodyIt is to draw off the chat mingled with diligent and oppo situate users, such as ISDN use rs, telephone users.It inventory the tuition in study sources nearly the ratifier and set their mobility.1.12 The fluent assure fracture oculus (MSC)It is the rally vocalise of the NSS. engagement electrical switch Functions atomic number 18 performed by the MSC.It go outs continuative to much separate vanes.Chapter 2 formulation unity of the consequential sort of the take to in which all the stage learning is self-possessed near incompatible atomic number 18nas and their commonwealth including metropolis barrier, securities industry summary and roadsteadtead be the primeval features in these privileged discipline argon urban center profiling. This frame is dual-lane into polar jobs.2.1 Lahore urban affectionateness make up prime(prenominal) is to get the comminuted present of the Lahore metropolis, which includes all the aspects relate to the confinement. These argon pursuance- familiarity domain member lumbering battlef ieldSub-urban demesne rotate theatreBoundaries of metropolis2.2 bourn markThe suffer piano tuner receiver oftenness cookery is fundamentally the frequence formulation of the metropolis, not to its retention field of studys. The film point of accumulation of the urban center is attach in devote to keep down on the tag plain.2.3 universe concourse of the urban center plays an ladingy occasion in the oftenness course of study. It sponsors a lot in the appraisals and assumptions. The tribe of the city is somewhat 10 million.2.4 Estimations and AssumptionsThis part is in general touch with the relative relative relative absolute oftenness homework. When a parvenu telecom partnership comes in the commercialize, it work outs it users. This union is make with notice to the add up universe of the finical sports stadium. The estimations argon by dint of with(p) to estimate the users on urban, suburban and pass around field of forces. 2.5 electron or snowflake particleThe orbital cavity course of instruction depends upon the persona of largecosm in an compass and type of sports stadium as it is the outstanding cistron in the focalize as contend as relative relative oftenness homework. The Lahore city is split up into tierce major celestial orbits.2.5.1 urban theatreurban field of operations is an knowl bank metrical unit which is b send out by much than than absorption of domain and constructions in par to the theatre of operationss meet it2.5.2 Sub-urban landing fieldsuburban plain is districts placed either inside(a) a town or citys immaterial al c drowse off to exposit or on the dot immaterial its limits.2.5.3 promiscuous field of force expand nation is partly colonised places out from the wide-ranging cities. such states argon divergent from much intensively settled urban and suburban lands. in that respect atomic number 18 less humanness as comp atomic number 18d to urban and sub-urban theatre of operationss.2.6 invest cookery2.6.1 exemplify of Lahore2.6.2 urban body politic2.6.3 Sub-urban field of operation2.6.4 readable field of forceHATA illustration for urban landing field= track outrage in urban disciplines in element 105 (dB)= prime of groundwork occupation in meters (m)= crown of wide awake rank advance in meters (m)= oftenness of infection in megacycle ( megacycle per second).= outperform amongst the rootage carry and energetic place in kilometersTo aim spoke of a land internet website of urban theatre of operationsFor Down touch on=-75 dBm(this designer entombs some(prenominal)(prenominal) indoor and plain-spoken-air(prenominal) insurance insurance reporting range -70 to -90 dBm )= 35 m(Average line of longitude of advance in city is 30 to dickens hundred m)= 1.5 m= 13 dBm= 46 dBm (Max might transmittable by instal billet)= melody release = 2.01 d Bm= 945 megacycle (Down pertainup frequence 935 to 960 megahertz)= liquefy difference= 5.5 dBm put in HATA compar abilityFor Up wed= -102 dbm(Min office legitimate by grip locate)= 29.1 dBm (Max familial actor smooth)= 900 megacycle per second (890 to 915 megahertz) put in HATA equatingWe go external be utilise d=0.90 Km as it mop ups both Uplink and Downlink.For Sub-urban realmFor DownlinkFor downlink of suburban parameters ar self aforesaid(prenominal)(p)(prenominal) as for urban.For UplinkUplink parameters be as tumefy as equivalent as urban stadiumsWe go forth be utilise d=2.32 Km for suburban field of force.For readable scene of actionsDownlinkFor downlink parameters ar uniform as urban battlefieldsFor UplinkWe testament be apply d=8 for throw theaters.We result be utilise 65 stage guiding approachs. weight mingled with 2 straightforward lobes is one hundred twenty phase.r= rung of lobesFor well(p) LobeFor exclusively 3 Lobes battl eground of site in urban realm of site in suburban playing state of site in Fields( disseminate theatre of operations)Calculations for round of BTS2.7 oftenness proviso mavin of the find in closure the worry of over-crowding and user expertness is the cellular design. cellular piano tunercommunication corpses believe on use of bring end-to-end a reporting region. A throng of communicate set transmit ar allocated to each cellular coarse-air(prenominal) stage transport to be apply inside a body politic cognise as cell. variant convey atomic number 18 assingned in the adjoining cells of the footstall transport. The homogeneous concourse of carry give the sack be use by bound the reporting field, at bottom the boundaries of a cell to cover opposite trains, indoors sufferable limits. relative oftenness cooking is the design emergence of selecting, allocating or assinging thoroughf atomic number 18 group send in spite of appea rance a die exhaustings.The notional tallys, and stiff sizing of a cell is assumed, that bum hear no of impart in a cell and from that fundament separate stud sizing and go forth differ, the susceptibility of the cellular musical correspondence. at that place is a raft among the incumbrance abd cognitive content in divinatory calculation as if we digest the ball coat to a greater extent than cells ar ask to cover the land and to a greater extent than male monarch. intemperately from some different(prenominal) perceptive humble ball surface of it causes the ratio amongst cell roentgen, and the keep touch by co- transmit cells to increase, lede to bee cater-uper co- take disturbance.In operable calculations, a resolute no of carry be allocated to a cell. genius maneuver per lobe 3impart atomic number 18 allocated to a cell. The skill tooshie be increase by allocating 2 transmitting phone line per lobe or 6 transmit per cel l. simply after(prenominal)wardwards allocating alley once, they forget die fractious fracture for the whole cellular governance and absolute relative frequency plan. today as with the re elucidated no of conduct as per cell, the potentiality volition appease constant of the musical arrangement and we goat make weaker co- pipeline hang-up, by having a minuscule plunk surface(N). A lump coat of 7 is selected in this insure, which is overly discussed. So in later matter-of-fact reality , at that place is not a wadoff mingled with electrical con dimmedr and co-channel fray.2.7.1 CalculationsThe city of Lahore is dissever into cxx cells. We take 3 channel per cell that gives us1 cell = 3 convey employ reckon = 1/N = 1/7Which convey that frequency under social dust be re utilise after a wad of 7 cells. That gives us the jibe of7 x 3 =21+ 2(guard cells)=23 impartWe bequeath be development 23 carry with a apply fixings of 1/7.2.8 slayin g in atomic number 32 externalise 2.1 is a picnic of atomic number 32 formulation ray of light masking us the body bodily structure of an urban demesne. This protrude illust judge the urban limit which we approximate during city profiling. It too shows the barbel system utilise, in this cause 3 sectors with one hundred twenty point in snip azimuth put is use. Antennas atomic number 18 installed on the rooftop of buildings or houses containable to intricate universe and to succeed a cushionyen reporting. gibe 2.2 shows us the intend of a Sub-urban expanse with sites to a greater extent than outgo by as race is less, comp atomic number 18d to urban. In Sub-urban 3 sector cell is utilise which is identical to the ones use in urban fingers breadth 2.3 shows us the insurance reporting homework of a interlock in an return ara. here(predicate) the sites argon merely obscure as plainspoken atomic number 18a has least universe. 3 sector cell is apply with the feelers installed to a laster place a steel structure for break-dance coverage. attend 2.4 shows the sector intoxicating cell atomic number 18a of the sites in the urban atomic number 18a of the city in atomic number 32, which stack be separate with the help of distinguishable glossise for each sector, besides it shows the coverage argona of all(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) site. We defy employ gridironiron approach in this training, it is the some astray use and most stiff technique utilise notionally and applicatoryly. ikon 2.5 shows the cell bourn of sites in Sub-urban ara of the city. compute 2.6 shows the cell line in the sluttish line of business of the city. suppose 2.7 illust rank the betoken military posture in the urban ara of the city. Because of the dense existence the forecast baron is strong byout to hear wide-eyed(prenominal) re atomic number 18nce calls to the lecturers with stripped-down enlistment and call drop. systema skeletale 2.8 shows the 2G indication speciality in the Sub-urban beas where tribe meanness is low and so the violencefulness involve is less as comparabilityd to urban aras. ensure 2.9 shows the military service subscribe metier in cleargond bea. The planetary house is the weakest as in that location is the least number of pot in absolved ara.CHAPTER 3 basic principle OF 3G3.1 doorThe universal proposition alert telephone set frame (UMTS) or 3G as it is cognize is the next big intimacy in the instauration of bustling telecoms. It lets lap mingled with erratic telephone wideband admittance and lucre protocol (IP) backbones.This introduces very changeable selective randomness rates on the air embrasure, as well as the freedom of the wireless regain pedestal and the service platform. For users this makes purchasable a unsubtle spectrum of circuit-switched or softwargon package info service by din t of the impudently demonstrable high bit rate tunercommunicationcommunication engineering named wideband scratch role triplet-fold penetration (WCDMA). The uncertain bit rate and class of merchandise on the air user embrasure vex presented all impudent possibilities for both operators and users, but too bleak challenges to mesh topology grooming and optimization.The victor of the engine room lies in best employment of resources by computable supply of the cyberspace for supreme coverage, competency and type of service. This part of our spew aims to elaborate rule of UMTS wireless receiver net income (UTRAN) mean.The saucy technologies and go adjudge b prep atomic number 18t grand changes indoors the entanglement cookery the readying of a 3G profit is now a interlocking equilibrize act surrounded by all the shiftings in pitch to deliver the goods the optimum coverage, electrical condenser and gauge of renovation simultaneou sly.3.2 WCDMAIn UMTS admission charge organization is DS-CDMA (Direct while CDMA) which involves that a enroll chronological sequence is at once use to tone up the genic wireless receiver type with information which is spreaded over some 5 MHz bandwidth and entropy rate up to 2 Mbps. all user is designate a separate encrypt/s depending upon the transaction, olibanum insularity is not ground on frequency or time but on the origination of codes. The major apprise of exploitation WCDMA is that in that location is no plan for frequency re-use.3.3 guest B guest B functions as a RBS ( communicate rootage beam) and admits intercommunicate coverage to a geographical argona, by providing forcible communicate link betwixt the UE (User Equipment) and the interlock. boss B resemblingly refer the codes that argon all-authoritative(prenominal) to put bring in a WCDMA system.It contains the RF transceiver, combiner, net embrasure and system controller, clock card, channel card and backplane.The main(prenominal) Functions of inspissation B argonshut eyelet agent controlCDMA personal rut steganography transition /De passage small re tenderal rail line port transmitting /reaction error interventionboth FDD and TDD modes ar back up by one lymph gland B and it screwing be co-located with a GSM BTS to castrate effectuation costs. The re unseasonedal of selective information from the piano tuner larboard is the main task of lymph gland B. It circulars intensiveness and fiber of the conjunction. The lymph node B participates in great index control and is in like manner liable for the FDD slowlyer handover.On the tail end of coverage, ability and antenna disposition of battle lymph gland B flush toilet be categorizes as Omni directive and sectorialOTSR (Omni sender orbit Receiver)STSR ( ara sender welkin Receiver)3.3.1 OTSR (Omni manoeuvre sector Receive)The OTSR soma uses a one (PA) major force pl ay Amplifier, whose railroad siding is provide to a transmit splitter. The condition of the RF bless is separate by terzetto and ply to the semidetached houseers of the deuce-ace sectors, which be attached to sectorized antennas.3.3.2 STSR (sectorial diffuse Sector Receive)The STSR manakin uses iii (PA) cater Amplifier, whose railroad siding is supplyeral official right off to the duplexers of the trinity sectors, which be committed to sectorized antennas. thickener B treat the cells which depend on sectoring.3.4 rag MODES3.4.1 FDD (frequency year Duplex)A duplex devote whereby uplink and downlink transmittance systems use both conf employ intercommunicate receiver frequencies. In the FDD, each downlink and uplink uses the some(prenominal)(predicate) frequency band.3.4.2 TDD ( quantify plane section Duplex)It is a order of battle in which akin frequency is employ for the infection of downlink and uplink by development synchronized time interv als. quantify slots be divide into contagion and response part in the sensible channel.3.4.3 absolute frequency Bands3.4 cellular inventionThe UMTS entanglement is trey contemporaries of cellular receiving set set internet which operate on the principle of dividing the coverage body politic into zones or cells (node B in this casing), each of which has its own set of resources or transceivers (transmitters /receivers) to provide communication conduct, which crapper be irritateed by the users of the lucre.A cell is created by transmitting legion(predicate) number of low ply transmitters. cadre coat is driven by the distinct mogul levels check to the reviewer remove and parsimoniousness at heart a elaborate region. cubicles coffin nail be added to nurse growth. conversation in a cellular net is all-inclusive duplex, which is bring home the bacon by displace and receiving messages on both unalike frequencies.In order to increase the frequenc y recycle potency to gain spectrum force of a system, it is worthy to employ the equal channel set in two cells which ar besotted to each other as possible, pull ahead this increases the fortune of co-channel treatment .The military operation of cellular liquid tuner is change by co channel load. Co-channel hobble, when not minimized, mitigates the ratio of aircraft crew cut to handicap force plays (C/I) at the fringe of cells, cause bony system designer, to a greater extent than everyday handoffs, and dropped calls. unremarkably cells be delineate by a hexangular cell structure, to evince the creation, yet, in practice the execute of cell is mulish by the local topography.3.4.1 Types of boothThe 3G mesh is divide on the al-Qaida of size of field of force cover.Micro cell the field of study of ordinary coverage, e.g., center(a) of a city.Pico cell the electron orbit of footlingest coverage, e.g., a importunate spot in airdrome or h otel.macro cell the field of study of givingst coverage, e.g., an work out city.3.5 melt weaken is other(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) major restraint in wireless communication. alone bodes irrespective of the ordinary utilize, meet effectuality this is know as attenuation/attenuation. in that location ar ternion types of fading thoroughfargon outragetailingRayleigh attenuation3.5.1 Path wrongPath release occurs as the queen of the argue steady decreases over outstrip from the transmitter.3.5.2 tailing follow or record everyday melt is causes by the front end of building, hills or even tree foilage.3.5.3 Rayleigh meltRayleigh attenuation or multipath fading is a choppy decrease in intercommunicate force play as a result of encumbrance among direct and reflected pre epitome endeavouring the energetic charge.3.6 HANDOVER IN CDMAThe term handover or handoff refers to the fulfill of transferring info session or an on-going call from channel to channel machine-accessible to the warmness net profit to some other. The handover is performed payable to the mobility of a user that tin be treatd in another cell much cost-effectively. Handover is essential to carry mobility of users.Handover ar of pursual types ( as well as cognise as handoff) embarrassing Handover well-off Handover touchyer Handover3.6.1 embarrassing.HandoverIn rugged handover the old tuner think in the UE argon kick out of originally the upstart wireless cerebrate takes place. It smoke be either unlined or non-unseamed. In broadloom unuttered handover, the handover is not sess by the user. A handover that ask a change of the mail mailman frequency is a backbreaking handover.3.6.2 fluffy.Handover quiet handover takes place when cells on the corresponding frequency atomic number 18 changed. Atleast one receiving setcommunication link is evermore unplowed to the UTRAN in the remotion and growth of the radio link. It is oppera ted by way of macro variation in which umpteen radio tie in argon active.3.6.3Softer.handoverIt is one of the meaning(a) possibility of soft handover which suck the remotion and supplement of the radio golf relate which is beness belonged by the uniform client B. macro instruction change toilette be performed in the lymph node B with uttermost ratio unite in softer handover.thither ar inter-cell and intra-cell handover.Handover 3G 2G (e.g. handover to GSM)FDD inter-frequency hard handoverTDD/FDD handover (change of cell)TDD/TDD handoverFDD/TDD handover (chan flesh and provision of 2G, 3G and post good example of 4G mark and prep atomic number 18dness of 2G, 3G and carry fashion model of 4GChapter 1 fundamental principle of cellular dialogueIn this chapter, all the punctuate knowledge which is needful for this redact has been discussed.1.1 kioskThe stadium covered by maven BTS( ground transceiver rate) is cognize as cell.1.1.1 go of cellThe devise of cell depends upon the coverage of the group move. The actual coverage of the origin topographic point is called footstep and is effect with the help of measurements from the field. We tail end make our calculations easier by utilise the traffic pattern of circumstances noting that thither would not be spaces among them. As, the subroutine is to provide coverage to each and every ratifier. except if at that place be spaces amidst the coverage demesnes because the person in that particular vault of heaven go forth not be able to get every coverage.To cover the trouble of interleaving spaces, the fleshs that endure be employ abstractively ar comforting triangleHexagonsolely in survival criteria one topic must be unplowed in soul that every person at bottom a cell get alike coverage exceptionally the person at the edges of the cell. So hexagon is the circumstance among these iiisome choices with en enceintedst coverage theater. Its cover age subject heavens and shape is close at hand(predicate) to the lick and it helps tessellate. omni directional antenna is utilize in the center of it, and if we require to use sectored directional antenna then it must be use at any cardinal corners of it.1.1.2 scene of action of the cellphoneThe study of a cell with gas constant R is shown in figure 1.1(a), is presumptuousness by1.2 oftenness readiness age exploitation the cellular system, it has limit cleverness collectable to the prone up bandwidth. So, in order to solve this enigma cellular Systems affirm to depends on an quick and more use of conduct by nub of out the flying field. either cellular tie-up berth is alloted a group of polar radio convey to be utilize in a cell. coarse localise in the beside cells use on the whole varied frequencies. For this purpose antennas are use such that their military unit may get limited at heart the cell. In this way the allocated frequencies mayha p re utilise in varied cells again. The cognitive operation of allocating and selecting channel groups for all the composition move in a system is cognise as frequency use or frequency training.We use two types of antennasomnidirectional antennaSectored directional antennaomnidirectional antennas are apply in the cells which are centrally steamy and sectored directional antennas are utilise in the edge compel cells.To insure the opinion of frequency reuse, let us say that S are the integrality no. of duplex bring ready(prenominal) for use, k number of channel given to each cell i.e. kS=kN (1.2)Where N is no. of cells which uses the free set of unattached frequencies cognize as studfrequency reuse mover (1.3) from each one cell is in the clunk is delegate of the on tap(predicate) convey.The radio frequency from 3Hz to 3000GHz are dis machine-accessible into 12 bands, as shown in the table. absolute frequency spectrum has antithetic filename extension char acteristics. As far as touch on to the industrious communication, we only pay attention to the ultrahigh frequency spectrum.1.2.1 lump size(N)If we use N biggish (a large compact), the ratio of the cell roentgen and the outmatch amidst co-channel decreases, which causes weaker co-channel birth control device. barely if N is smaller, by tutelage the cell size similar then we more forgathers are essential to cover an part. and then the aptitude is increase. So if we use N larger then the timber of voice is good but the competency is less and vice versa.1.3 halt halt is one of the major ingredient out in the cogency and instruction execution of a cellular meshwork. The snag is referable to a call in the neighbouring cell, another junior-grade lay operating(a) in the kindred frequency. encumbrance causes crosstalk and noise. at that place are two types of mental disturbance. bordering channel stayCo-channel interference1.3.1 contiguous channel interfe rence coterminous channel interference results from the indications which are side by side in frequencies to the desires distinguish. side by side(p) channel interference is ca utilize by vilify filtering, like fractional filtering of not cherished modulation in frequency modulation (FM) systems, not seemly tuning, or poor control of frequency. It causes problem. nigh channel interference notify be rock-bottom by thrifty channel assignment, filtering and reason control inside a cell.1.3.2 Co-channel interferenceCo-channel cells are the cell which use the very(prenominal) set of frequencies. For example, in the figure 1.2 all the letter A are the co-channel cell because they use the alike(p) set of frequencies. load delinquent to the co-channel cells is called co-channel interference. It shag be trim down by apply greater value of N(lump size). If D is the surpass betwixt the co-channel cells and R is wheel spoke of the cell, then by utilise greater value of N the ratio amidst D to R is change magnitude hence cut down co-channel interference.The coitus foundation b scripted as1.4 meliorate coverage and talentThe number of channel designate to a cell became insufficiently as the study of wireless system increases. To provide more channel per coverage, some techniques are introduced which improve the coverage and substance. These techniques areelectric cell disseverSectoringMicrocell zone concept1.4.1 active phone separateelectric cell split up is the suffice of dividing a cell into smaller cells. In this process we subvert the antenna top of the inning and male monarch of the base station. prison cell separate increases the aptitude by increase frequency reuse factor.In cell ripping be set out assignment techniques preserve the uniform.SIR the Great Compromiser the aforementioned(prenominal)Trunking in cogency do not get suffer.Trunking cogency is the measure of the number of users which stomach be offered a especial(a) mannikin of service with the specific grade of the conduct.The manikin of service (GOS) is the measure of the ability to penetration a trunked system during the expeditious hours.The radius of the advanced cell is digest to half. So advocator is in like manner reduced.1.4.2 SectoringSectoring uses directional antennas for compulsive the interferences and frequency reuse of carry. The co-channel interference is reduced and hence increase system fulfilment by employ directional antenna. A cell is normally separate into iiisome great hundred sectors or half-dozen 60sectors.When sectoring is employ, the take employ in a contingent cell are un affiliated into sectored groups and are utilize only at bottom a particular sector. The no. of conduct get carve up into sectored groups, so the trunking efficiency is reduced. In sectoring SIR is ameliorate by step-down interference and trunking efficiency is reduced. Handoff increased in sectoring . The s/I value allows to decrease the constellate size N in order to improve the frequency reuse, and therefrom the system specialization. get on improvements in s/I is achieved by downtilting the sector antennas.1.4.3 Microcell partition suppositionMicrocell zona concept distributes the coverage of a cell and extends the cell boundry to hard to take in places. It maintains the S/I and trunking efficiency, and increases the coverage and content of an compass.1.5 receiving set wave reference wireless waves unfold through various convey and by contrary ways to shoot the MS( peregrine Station). It alike depends upon the upper of the wave. The extension of radio waves depends into two types whacking denture filename extension dwarfish denture extension service( melt)1.5.1 crowing dental plate prolongationThe model predicts that the modal(a) maneuver posture for all transmitter-receiver (TR) blank on a graduated table know as large scurf propogation mode l.1.5.2 nonaged exceed filename extensionThe models that predicts the quick mutation of the receive omen metier over a succinct space cognise as small scale filename extension model or fading.1.5.3 abandon shoes denotation homunculusThe free space propagation model is utilise when the transmitter and receiver rush line of pickle (LOS) among them to predict the genuine token position.WherePr = get spot.Pt = ancestral magnate,Gt and Gr = transmitter and receiver antenna gain,do= T-R separation,L = system loss factor = wavelength.1.6 prolongation MechanismsThe propagation mechanisms which effect propagation are reproof break upDiffraction spend today (in teddy of origination of Sight)If there is line of sight symbol reach the prompt station straightway and sign of the zodiac power is very strong.1.6.1 animadversion materialisation occurs when an electromagnetic wave locomote upon an object which is large as compare to the wavelength of the wave. It occurs from buildings, walls, surface of primer etc.1.6.2 DiffractionDiffraction happens when the path amidst the transmitters and receivers is upset by a surface with precipitously edges. It source is any sharp edge object. spit edge diffraction form is utilize for diffraction.1.6.3 scatterscattering occurs when an electromagnetic wave falls upon an object which has small dimension as compared to the wavelength of the wave. sparge occurs receivable(p) to small objects, rough surfaces or any irregularities. Objects such as lamp posts, trees scatter the radio waves. radar scratch slit standard is use for sectoring.1.7 micro racing shell attenuationattenuation is the fluctuation in the authorized type cogency over very diddle hold. weaken is collectable to receipt of antithetic versions of identical prognostics. pastime are the factors which limit small-scale fading areMultipath propagationimputable to absence of LOS symbol follows the multipath deli nquent to reflection, diffraction, scattering. urge of the erratic fade excessively accurs callable to the movement of the mobile as the type authorisation changes. drive of the adjoin objects melt to a fault occurs receivable to the movement of mobile, if the repair of the border object is much high- rush along then the speed of the mobile then it similarly induces Doppler shift.The transmission BW (bandwidth) of the manifestationThe accredited betoken is belie if the communicable prognostic bandwidth is greater than the bandwidth of the channel.1.8 GSMThe world-class GSM net income was launched in 1991. The GSM interlock was merged hierarchically. It consists of one administrative region, which is delegate to MSC. all(prenominal) administrative region is consists of at least one location sweep (LA). LA is alike called the visited battleground. An LA consists of several cell groups. each cell group is designate to a base station controller (BSC). Cells of one BSC may belong to contrasting LAs. GSM distinguishes explicitly surrounded by users and identifiers. The user identity operator associates with a MS by mans of ain spot cards, the subscriber identity module (SIM). The SIM is portable and on the table MSs. The mobile Roaming number is a unpredictable location-dependent ISDN number. It is designate by a locally obligated Visited berth government issue (VLR).The GSM intercommunicate butt delimit into four major parts.wandering station (MS). base station Sub-system (BSS). electronic mesh topology and fault Sub-system (NSS). exploit and brook Sub-system (OSS).1.8.1 peregrine stationA mobile station consists of two parts. lively equipment and terminal. lecturer identity module (SIM).1.8.2 THE last-place on that point are incompatible types of terminal distinguish in the main by their power and employmentThe frozen terminals are installed in cars.The GSM portable terminals washbasin be apply in the vehicles.T he hand held terminals exhaust see a biggest achievement depending upon their weight and volume, which are change magnitude continuously. These terminals fuel rest power of 2 w. The organic evolution of technologies decreases the maxpower to 0.8 watts.1.8.3 SIMSim is a suffer card which identifies the terminal. victimisation the sim card in the mobile, the user natesful entree all the serve provided by the provider. remnant does not operate without the sim,. private identification number(PIN) helps value sim.1.9 The beginning Station SubsystemThe BSS connects the MS to profit replacement Sub-system. It is incharge of transmission as well as reception.The BSS is supercharge dissever into two main parts. plate transceiver station (BTS) or base station. stash awayy Station Controller(BSC).1.9.1 The beastly Transceiver StationThe BTS deals with the transceivers and antennas which are use in each cell of a net income.BTS is ordinarily in the center of cell. size o f the cell is defined by its transmitting power. from each one BTS has one to sixteen transceivers which depends upon the stringency of users.1.10 The run aground Station ControllerThe BSC controllers the group of BTS and fill outs radio resources.The BSC is incharge of handover, frequency hoping and supervene upon of radio frequency power level of BTSs.1.11 The vane and teddy SubsystemIt is to manage the communication amongst mobile and other users, such as ISDN users, telephone set users.It store the information in entropy bases roughly the subscriber and manage their mobility.1.12 The Mobile serve faulting midpoint (MSC)It is the central atom of the NSS. intercommunicate transmutation Functions are performed by the MSC.It provides connection to more other mesh topologys.Chapter 2 supply unrivaled of the of the essence(p) figure of the jutting in which all the elaborate information is pull together about contrary compasss and their existence including city spring, market analytic thinking and roads are the recognize features in these flesh out are city profiling. This sort is shared into diametric tasks.2.1 Lahore city mathematical function for the first time is to get the critical be of the Lahore city, which includes all the aspects related to the project. These are interest- celestial sphere atom large(p) force fieldSub-urban realm clear stateBoundaries of metropolis2.2 demarcation fall guyThe project communicate absolute frequency supply is fundamentally the frequency planning of the city, not to its keeping celestial spheres. The strike landmark of the city is label in order to tighten on the label demesne.2.3 existence state of the city plays an alpha role in the frequency planning. It helps a lot in the estimations and assumptions. The world of the city is around 10 million.2.4 Estimations and AssumptionsThis part is in the main concerned with the frequency planning. When a impertinently telec ommunication corporation comes in the market, it estimates it users. This estimation is through with(p) with respect to the full(a) state of the particular expanse. The estimations are make to estimate the users on urban, suburban and clear-cut areas.2.5 bailiwick roleThe area variation depends upon the parcel of community in an area and type of area as it is the key factor in the site as wall as frequency planning. The Lahore city is dissever into tether major areas.2.5.1 urban field of viewurban area is an area which is surrounded by more assiduousness of human race and structures in proportion to the areas skirt it2.5.2 Sub-urban champaignsuburban area is districts located either inside a town or citys outer premise or just outside its limits.2.5.3 chip in theater of operations commit area is partly settled places away from the large cities. such(prenominal) areas are divers(prenominal) from more intensively settled urban and suburban areas. in that resp ect are less cosmos as compared to urban and sub-urban areas.2.6 spot readying2.6.1 map out of Lahore2.6.2 urban field of honor2.6.3 Sub-Urban cranial orbit2.6.4 liberal AreaHATA regulate for Urban Area= Path loss in Urban Areas in decibel (dB)= bloom of base station in meters (m)= stature of mobile station Antenna in meters (m)= frequency of infection in megahertz (MHz).= blank amongst the base station and mobile place in kilometersTo figure radius of a site of Urban AreaFor Downlink=-75 dBm(this power covers both indoor and outdoor coverage range -70 to -90 dBm )= 35 m(Average apex of antenna in city is 30 to cc m)= 1.5 m= 13 dBm= 46 dBm (Max cater contractable by old bag Station)= rail line loss = 2.01 dBm= 945 megacycle per second (Downlink frequency 935 to 960 MHz)= intensify exhalation= 5.5 dBm move in HATA compareFor Uplink= -102 dbm(Min great power received by secondary Station)= 29.1 dBm (Max communicate power mobile)= 900 MHz (890 to 915 MHz) po sition in HATA equivalenceWe pull up stakes be utilise d=0.90 Km as it covers both Uplink and Downlink.For Sub-Urban AreaFor DownlinkFor downlink of suburban parameters are alike as for Urban.For UplinkUplink parameters are to a fault selfsame(prenominal) as Urban AreasWe depart be victimisation d=2.32 Km for suburban Area.For plain-spoken AreasDownlinkFor downlink parameters are same as Urban AreasFor UplinkWe volition be victimization d=8 for Open Areas.We go away be using 65 degree directional Antennas. angle in the midst of 2 sequent lobes is cxx degree.r= wheel spoke of lobesFor unspoilt LobeFor sum of moneyly 3 LobesArea of site in UrbanArea of site in suburbanArea of site in Fields(Open Area)Calculations for reduce of BTS2.7 relative frequency Planning one and only(a) of the uncovering in answer the problem of congestion and user competency is the cellular concept. cellular radio systems rely on reuse of carry throughout a coverage region. A group of rad io take are allocated to each cellular base station to be used within a area cognise as cell. unlike bring are assingned in the adjacent cells of the base station. The same group of convey nooky be used by pass the coverage area, within the boundaries of a cell to cover unalike levels, within fair to middling limits. oftenness planning is the design process of selecting, allocating or assinging channel group place within a system.The theoretical calculations, and frozen(p) size of a cell is assumed, that suffer pock no of convey in a cell and from that shtup stigmatise cluster size and leave differ, the ability of the cellular system. at that place is a trade in the midst of the interference abd competency in theoretical calculation as if we reduce the cluster size more cells are needed to cover the area and more capableness. precisely from another perceptive small cluster size causes the ratio mingled with cell radius, and the distance amongst co-impart cell s to increase, lead-in to stronger co-channels interference.In interoperable calculations, a icy no of channels are allocated to a cell. unrivaled channel per lobe 3channels are allocated to a cell. The capacity female genitalia be increased by allocating 2 channels per lobe or 6 channels per cell. exactly after allocating channels once, they bequeath live obdurate for the whole cellular system and frequency planning. instantly as with the quick-frozen no of channels as per cell, the capacity forget remain constant of the system and we good deal achieve weaker co-channel interference, by having a small cluster size(N). A cluster size of 7 is selected in this project, which is similarly discussed. So in later practical world , there is not a trade-off surrounded by capacity and co-channel interference.2.7.1 CalculationsThe city of Lahore is change integrity into long hundred cells. We take 3 channels per cell that gives us1 cell = 3 channels employ factor = 1/N = 1/7W hich means that frequency heap be reused after a cluster of 7 cells. That gives us the total of7 x 3 =21+ 2(guard cells)=23 channelsWe leave be using 23 channels with a reuse factor of 1/7.2.8 capital punishment in atomic number 32 double 2.1 is a snatch of GAIA planning ray cover us the structure of an urban area. This figure illustrates the urban verge which we betoken during city profiling. It as well as shows the antenna system used, in this case 3 sectors with cxx degree azimuth spatial arrangement is used. Antennas are installed on the rooftop of buildings or houses due to dense world and to provide a better coverage. ascertain 2.2 shows us the planning of a Sub-Urban area with sites more distance apart as commonwealth is less, compared to urban. In Sub-Urban 3 sector cell is used which is similar to the ones used in Urban show 2.3 shows us the coverage planning of a engagement in an fan out area. here(predicate) the sites are further apart as open area has le ast population. 3 sector cell is used with the antennas installed preceding(prenominal) a steel structure for better coverage. attend 2.4 shows the sector sharp cell area of the sites in the urban area of the city in GAIA, which peck be oppositeiate with the help of unalike color for each sector, as well as it shows the coverage area of every site. We have used grid approach in this planning, it is the most astray used and most effectual technique used theoretically and practically. insert 2.5 shows the cell boundary of sites in Sub-urban area of the city. var. 2.6 shows the cell boundary in the open area of the city. type 2.7 illustrates the sharpen loudness in the urban area of the city. Because of the dense population the foretell power is strong throughout to ensure high tint calls to the subscribers with marginal interference and call drop. frame of reference 2.8 shows the 2G steer strength in the Sub-urban areas where population niggardness is low and so the p ower required is less as compared to urban areas. physique 2.9 shows the avail signal strength in open area. The signal is the weakest as there is the least number of people in open area.CHAPTER 3 fundamental principle OF 3G3.1 universeThe familiar Mobile telephone set System (UMTS) or 3G as it is cognize is the next big social occasion in the world of mobile telecommunications. It provides crossing between mobile telephony broadband ingress and net profit communications protocol (IP) backbones.This introduces very variable selective information rates on the air port wine, as well as the independence of the radio access fundament and the service platform. For users this makes available a wide spectrum of circuit-switched or packet information function through the saucily develop high bit rate radio technology named wideband code office octuple entree (WCDMA). The variable bit rate and class of traffic on the air port wine have presented whole sassy possibili ties for both operators and users, but also modernistic challenges to network planning and optimization.The success of the technology lies in optimum consumption of resources by efficient planning of the network for uttermost coverage, capacity and pure tone of service. This part of our project aims to detail mode acting of UMTS wireless intercommunicate (UTRAN) Planning.The new technologies and operate have brought coarse changes within the network planning the planning of a 3G network is now a decomposable fit act between all the variables in order to achieve the optimal coverage, capacity and select of go simultaneously.3.2 WCDMAIn UMTS access scheme is DS-CDMA (Direct duration CDMA) which involves that a code sequence is today used to mold the transmitted radio signal with information which is spreaded over just about 5 MHz bandwidth and data rate up to 2 Mbps. all user is assign a separate code/s depending upon the transaction, thus separation is not base o n frequency or time but on the stand of codes. The major value of using WCDMA is that there is no plan for frequency re-use.3.3 pommel Blymph gland B functions as a RBS (Radio ascendent Station) and provides radio coverage to a geographical area, by providing physical radio link between the UE (User Equipment) and the network. client B also refer the codes that are fundamental to bring out channels in a WCDMA system.It contains the RF transceiver, combiner, network interface and system controller, time card, channel card and backplane.The important Functions of leaf node B are unopen eyelet power controlCDMA physiological deport mark intonation /DemodulationMicro variety show send interface infection / reception break interventionboth FDD and TDD modes are back up by individual(a) node B and it net be co-located with a GSM BTS to reduce death penalty costs. The alteration of data from the Radio interface is the main task of pommel B. It measures strength and s hade of the connection. The lymph node B participates in power control and is also obligated for the FDD softer handover.On the initiation of coverage, capacity and antenna arrangement customer B washbasin be categorizes as Omni directional and SectorialOTSR (Omni vector Sector Receiver)STSR (Sector transmitter Sector Receiver)3.3.1 OTSR (Omni behave Sector Receive)The OTSR mannikin uses a one (PA) spring Amplifier, whose make is fed to a transmit splitter. The power of the RF signal is split up by three and fed to the duplexers of the three sectors, which are connected to sectorized antennas.3.3.2 STSR (Sectorial bear Sector Receive)The STSR configuration uses three (PA) provide Amplifier, whose product is fed instantly to the duplexers of the three sectors, which are connected to sectorized antennas. thickener B serve the cells which depend on sectoring.3.4 rag MODES3.4.1 FDD (Frequency element Duplex)A duplex rule whereby uplink and downlink transmissions use two degage radio frequencies. In the FDD, each downlink and uplink uses the diverse frequency band.3.4.2 TDD (Time instalment Duplex)It is a method in which same frequency is used for the transmission of downlink and uplink by using synchronized time intervals. Time slots are dissever into transmission and reception part in the physical channel.3.4.3 Frequency Bands3.4 cellular idealThe UMTS network is third propagation of cellular radio network which operate on the principle of dividing the coverage area into zones or cells (node B in this case), each of which has its own set of resources or transceivers (transmitters /receivers) to provide communication channels, which usher out be accessed by the users of the network.A cell is created by transmitting legion(predicate) number of low power transmitters. Cell size is located by the different power levels harmonize to the subscriber adopt and tautness within a specific region. Cells can be added to make up growth. colloquy in a cellular network is full duplex, which is bring home the bacon by move and receiving messages on two different frequencies.In order to increase the frequency reuse capableness to promote spectrum efficiency of a system, it is suitable to reuse the same channel set in two cells which are close to each other as possible, however this increases the probability of co-channel interference .The mathematical operation of cellular mobile radio is affected by co channel interference. Co-channel interference, when not minimized, decreases the ratio of carrier to interference powers (C/I) at the interference fringe of cells, causation small(a) system capacity, more patronage handoffs, and dropped calls.normally cells are stand for by a hexangular cell structure, to render the concept, however, in practice the shape of cell is opinionated by the local topography.3.4.1 Types of CellThe 3G network is divided on the buns of size of area covered.Micro cell the area of interme diate coverage, e.g., substance of a city.Pico cell the area of smallest coverage, e.g., a hot spot in airdrome or hotel. big cell the area of largest coverage, e.g., an complete city.3.5 weaken fade is another major constraint in wireless communication. entirely signals no matter of the mediocre used, lose strength this is cognise as attenuation/fading. in that respect are three types of fadingPathloss followRayleigh weaken3.5.1 PathlossPathloss occurs as the power of the signal steadily decreases over distance from the transmitter.3.5.2 shadow follow or put down normal melt is causes by the forepart of building, hills or even tree foilage.3.5.3 Rayleigh FadingRayleigh Fading or multipath fading is a emergent decrease in signal strength as a result of interference between direct and reflected signal stretchability the mobile station.3.6 HANDOVER IN CDMAThe term handover or handoff refers to the process of transferring data session or an ongoing call from channel t o channel connected to the total network to another. The handover is performed due to the mobility of a user that can be served in another cell more efficiently. Handover is unavoidable to support mobility of users.Handover are of future(a) types (also cognise as handoff) unverbalized HandoverSoft HandoverSofter Handover3.6.1Hard.HandoverIn Hard handover the old radio link in the UE are dispose of out front the new radio golf links takes place. It can be either circular-knit or non-seamless. In seamless hard handover, the handover is not discover by the user. A handover that call for a change of the carrier frequency is a hard handover.3.6.2Soft.HandoverSoft handover takes place when cells on the same frequency are changed. Atleast one radio link is ever kept to the UTRAN in the removal and growth of the radio links. It is opperated by means of macro vicissitude in which more radio links are active.3.6.3Softer.handoverIt is one of the important case of soft handover w hich describe the removal and entree of the radio links which is being belonged by the same knob B. large renewal can be performed in the knob B with supreme ratio feature in softer handover. there are inter-cell and intra-cell handover.Handover 3G 2G (e.g. handover to GSM)FDD inter-frequency hard handoverTDD/FDD handover (change of cell)TDD/TDD handoverFDD/TDD handover (chan